Abstract
Alkylglycerols (AKGs), isolated or present in shark liver oil have anti-inflammatory properties. Complement 3 (C3) and 4 (C4) participate in lipid metabolism and in obesity, contributing to the metabolic syndrome and to the low-grade inflammation associated with obesity. In a randomized, controlled, crossover study, 26 non-diabetes obese individuals were assigned two preparations with low (LAC, 10 mg AKGs) and high (HAC, 20 mg AKGs) AKG content. Intervention periods were of 3 weeks preceded by 2-week washout periods in which shark liver oil was avoided. Cholesterol, C3, C4, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) decreased in a linear trend (P < 0.01) from baseline (control) to LAC and HAC. Values after HAC were significantly lower (P < 0.05) versus both baseline and after LAC. No adverse effects were observed or reported. Data from this pilot study open a promising field for the study of the beneficial effects of AKGs on cardiovascular risk factors in obese individuals.
References
Anadon A, Martínez MA, Arés I, Ramos E, Señoráns FJ, Reglero G, Torres C (2010) Acute and repeated dose (28 days) oral safety studies of an alkoxyglycerol extract from shark liver oil in rats. J Agric Food Chem 58:2040–2046
Brohult A, Brohult J, Brohult C (1970) Biochemical effects of alkoxyglycerols and their use in cancer therapy. Acta Chem Scand 24:730–738
Elosua R, Garcia M, Aguilar A, Molina L, Covas MI, Marrugat J (2000) Validation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire in Spanish women. Investigators of the MARATDON Group. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:1431–1437
Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Eriksson KF, Janzon L, Lindgarde F (2005) Complement C3 is a risk factor for the development of diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes 54:570–575
Gabrielsson BG, Johansson JM, Lönn M et al (2003) High expression of complement components in omental adipose tissue in obese men. Obes Res 11:699–708
Hallgren B, Niklasson A, Ställberg G, Thorin H (1974) On the occurrence of 1-O-alkylglycerols and 1-O-(2-methoxyalkyl) glycerols in human colostrum, human milk, cow’s milk, sheep’s milk, human red bone marrow, red cells, blood plasma and a uterine carcinoma. Acta Chem Scand B 28:1029–1034
Iannitti T, Palmieri B (2010) An update of the therapeutic role of alkylglycerols. Mar Drugs 8:2267–2300
Iannitti T, Capone S, Palmieri B (2011) A telephone interview to assess alkylglycerols’ effectiveness in preventing influenza-like symptoms in Modena, Emilia Romagna, Italy, in the season 2009–2010. Clin Ter 162:115–118
Kucukardali Y, Aydogdu S, Ozmen N et al (2008) The relationship between severity of coronary artery disease and plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 9:66–70
Langen P, Brachwitz H, Schildt J (1979) Inhibition of proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by halogeno analogues of long chain acyl- and alkylglycerols. Acta Biol Med Germ 38:965–974
Montoro Alvarez M, Chong OY, Janta I et al (2015) Relation of doppler ultrasound synovitis versus clinical synovitis with changes in native complement component levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Clin Exp Rheumatol 33:141–145
Ortega Martinez de Victoria E, Xu X, Koska J et al (2009) Macrophage content in subcutaneous adipose tissue: associations with adiposity, age, inflammatory markers, and who lebody insulin action in healthy Pima Indians. Diabetes 58:385–393
Osmond DG, Roylance PJ, Webb AJ, Yoffey JM (1963) The action of batyl alcohol and selachyl alcohol on the bonemarrow of the guinea pig. Acta Haematol 29:180–186
Pedrono F, Martin B, Leduc C et al (2004) Natural alkylglycerols restrain growth and metastasis of grafted tumors in mice. Nutr Cancer 48:64–69
Phillips CM, Kesse-Guyot E, Ahluwalia N et al (2012) Dietary fat, abdominal obesity and smoking modulate the relationship between plasma complement component 3 concentrations and metabolic syndrome risk. Atherosclerosis 220:513–519
Pugliese PT, Jordan K, Cederberg H, Brohult J (1998) Some biological actions of alkylglycerols from shark liver oil. J Altern Comp Med 4:87–99
Rohrer B, Coughlin B, Bandyopadhyay M, Holers VM (2012) Systemic human CR2-targeted complement alternative pathway inhibitor ameliorates mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 28:402–409
Selaas O, Nordal HH, Halse AK, Brun JG, Jonsson R, Brokstad KA (2015) Serum markers in rheumatoid arthritis: a longitudinal study of patients undergoing infliximab treatment. Int J Rheumatol 2015:Article ID 276815
Tchórzewski H, Banasik M, Głowacka E, Lewkowicz P (2002) Modification of innate immunity in humans by active components of shark liver oil. Pol Merkur Lekarsi 13:329–332
Tenllado D, Reglero G, Torres CF (2011) A combined procedure of supercritical fluid extraction and molecular distillation for the purification of alkylglycerols from shark liver oil. Sep Pur Tech 83:74–81
Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Pratley RE (2000) Insulin action and insulinemia are closely related to the fasting complement C3, but not acylation stimulating protein concentration. Diab Care 23:779–785
Yang X, Gao F, Liu Y (2015) Association of homocysteine with immunological-inflammatory and metabolic laboratory markers and factors in relation to hyperhomocysteinaemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 33:900–903
Zhang M, Sun S, Tang N, Cai W, Qian L (2013) Oral administration of alkylglycerols differentially modulates high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Evid Based Comp Alternat Med 2013:Article ID 834027
Acknowledgments
This work has been done in the context of the University of Barcelona (UB), PhD Research Program in Dietetics and Nutrition (EEES H0502). It was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/FEDER (European Regional Development Found-ERDF) financing the project AGL2006-02031, by Instituto de Salud Carlos III Miguel Servet’s contract (CP06/00100), and partially supported by the Agència de Gestió Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca 2009 SGR 1195. CIBEROBN and CIBERESP are initiatives of Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Parri, A., Fitó, M., Torres, C.F. et al. Alkylglycerols reduce serum complement and plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in obese individuals. Inflammopharmacol 24, 127–131 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-016-0265-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-016-0265-4