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Coupling Element-Based Dual-Antenna Structures for Mobile Terminal with Hand Effects

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Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive simulation study on the performance of coupling element-based dual-antenna structures on a mobile terminal at the 2,000 MHz Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) frequency band with varying two significant hand effects; vertical position of hand along terminal chassis, and distance between hand palm and terminal chassis. The results reveal that in uniformly distributed isotropic environment, there exists a gain imbalance between antenna elements due to hand effects and it is shown that a gain imbalance of 3.7 dB lead to a reduction of 1.9 dB in diversity gain at 99% reliability level using maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique. For a dual-antenna configuration, the impact of gain imbalance on diversity gain is more significant when only one antenna element is in close proximity to the hand, compared to when both antenna elements are in the presence of the hand. It is also shown that a dual-antenna structure with elements vertically oriented along the edges of a small 100 mm × 40 mm mobile terminal chassis achieves better performance in port-to-port isolation, gain imbalance and diversity gain compared to other studied dual-antenna configurations when the user’s hand is present.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been partially supported by the SMARAD Centre of Excellence funding of the Academy of Finland, the Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation, the Malaysia’s Ministry of Higher Education, and Universiti Malaysia Perlis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radio Science and Engineering, SMARAD, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, P.O. Box 13000, 00076, Aalto, Finland

    Abdullah Al-Hadi Azremi, Janne Ilvonen, Risto Valkonen, Jari Holopainen, Outi Kivekäs, Clemens Icheln & Pertti Vainikainen

  2. School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02000, Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia

    Abdullah Al-Hadi Azremi

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  1. Abdullah Al-Hadi Azremi
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  2. Janne Ilvonen
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  3. Risto Valkonen
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  4. Jari Holopainen
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  5. Outi Kivekäs
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  6. Clemens Icheln
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  7. Pertti Vainikainen
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Correspondence to Abdullah Al-Hadi Azremi.

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Azremi, A.AH., Ilvonen, J., Valkonen, R. et al. Coupling Element-Based Dual-Antenna Structures for Mobile Terminal with Hand Effects. Int J Wireless Inf Networks 18, 146–157 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-011-0154-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-011-0154-0

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