Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Deterministic Secure Four-qubit GHZ States Three-step Protocol for Quantum Communication

  • Published:
International Journal of Theoretical Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A deterministic secret quantum communication (DSQC) protocol is proposed with four-qubit GHZ states. It has some outstanding advantages. Firstly, it has a high communication capacity as each four-qubit GHZ state can carry three bits of secret messages. Secondly, as all of the quantum resource is useful, the intrinsic efficiency of the communication approaches the maximum value 100%. Besides, its total efficiency of the present protocol is 60%, more higher than most of the current existing DSQC protocols. The decoy photon detection technique guarantees that Eve’s any eavesdropping behavior can be detected on site, and the three-step transmitting strategy ensures no information will be leaked in the communication process. Moreover, the present protocol is feasible with the present day technique.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processings, Bangalore, India, p. 175. IEEE, New York (1984)

  2. Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G., Mermin, N.D.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 557 (1992)

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. Cabello, A.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5635 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gisin, N., Ribordy, G., Tittel, W., Zbinden, H.: Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Deng, F.G., Long, G.L.: Phys. Rev. A 68, 042315 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hwang, W.Y.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 057901 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Deng, F.G., Long, G.L.: Phys. Rev. A 70, 012311 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang, Z.J., Man, Z.X., Shi, S.H.: Int. J. Quantum Inf. 3, 555 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kye, W.H., Kim, C.M., Kim, M.S., Park, Y.J.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 040501 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Li, C.Y., Zhou, H.Y., Wang, Y., Deng, F.G.: Chin. Phys. Lett. 22, 1049 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Li, C.Y., Li, X.H., Deng, F.G., et al.: Chin. Phys. Lett. 23, 2896 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Li, X.H., Deng, F.G., Zhou, H.Y.: Phys. Rev. A 78, 022321 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yuan, H., Song, J., Han, L.F., Hou, K., Shi, S.H.: Opt. Commun. 281, 4803 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lo, H.K., Curty, M., Qi, B.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 130503 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bai, Z.L., Wang, X.Y., Yang, S.S., Li, Y.M.: Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 59, 614201 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Liu, C.Q., Zhu, C.H., Ma, S.Q., Pei, C.X.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 726 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Tsai, C.L., Hwang, T.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 2648 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Liao, S.K., Yong, H.L., Liu, C., et al.: Nat. Photon. 11, 509 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lucamarini, M., Yuan, Z., Dynes, J., Shields, A.: Nature (London) 557, 400 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu, H., Wang, W.Y., Wei, K.J., et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 160501 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Long, G.L., Liu, X.S.: Phys. Rev. A 65, 032302 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Deng, F.G., Long, G.L., Liu, X.S.: Phys. Rev. A 68, 042317 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Deng, F.G., Long, G.L.: Phys. Rev. A 69, 052319 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang, C., Deng, F.G., Li, Y.S., et al.: Phys. Rev. A 71, 044305 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang, C., Deng, F.G., Long, G.L.: Opt. Commun. 253, 15 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Li, X.H., Zhou, P., Liang, Y.J., et al.: Chin. Phys. Lett. 23, 1080 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Deng, F.G., Li, X.H., Li, C.Y., et al.: Phys. Lett. A 359, 359 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Long, G.L., Deng, F.G., Wang, C., et al.: Front. Phys. China. 2, 251 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Li, X.H., Li, C.Y., Deng, F.G., et al.: Chin. Phys. 16, 2149 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Deng, F.G., Li, X.H., Li, C.Y., Zhou, P., Zhou, H.Y.: Phys. Scripta 76, 25 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wang, X.W., Shan, Y.G., Xia, L.X., Lu, M.W.: Phys. Lett. A 364, 7 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yuan, H., Song, J., He, Q., et al.: Commun. Theor. Phys. 50, 627 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang, T.J., Li, T., Du, F.F., Deng, F.G.: Chin. Phys. Lett. 28, 040305 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gu, B., et al.: Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 54, 942 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gu, B., et al.: Chin. Phys. B 20, 100309 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu, D., Chen, J.L., Jiang, W.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51, 2923 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ren, B.C., et al.: Eur. Phys. J. D 67, 30 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gu, B., et al.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52, 4461 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hu, J.Y., Yu, B., Jing, M.Y., Xiao, L.T., Jia, S.T., Qin, G.Q., Long, G.L.: Light Sci. Appl. 5, e16144 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wu, F.Z., Yang, G.J., Wang, H.B., Xiong, J., Alzahrani, F., Hobiny, A., Deng, F.G.: Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 60, 120313 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang, W., Ding, D.S., Sheng, Y.B., Zhou, L., Shi, B.S., Guo, G.C.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 220501 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. Zhu, F., Zhang, W., Sheng, Y.B., Huang, Y.D.: Sci. Bull. 62, 1519 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Liu, Z.H., Chen, H.W.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 311 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hu, J.Y., Yu, B., Jing, M.Y., et al.: Light-Sci. Appl. 5, e16144 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zhu, F., Zhang, W., Sheng, Y.B., Huang, Y.D.: Sci. Bull. 62, 1519 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang, W., Ding, D.S., Sheng, Y.B., Zhou, L., Shi, B.S., Guo, G.C.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 220501 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Li, X.H., Deng, F.G., Li, C.Y., et al.: Korean J. Phys. Soc. 49, 1354 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Beige, A., Englert, B.G., Kurtsiefer, W.H.: Acta Phys. Pol. A 101, 357 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Zhang, Z.J., Man, Z.X., Li, Y.: Int. J. Quantum Inform. 2, 521 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Yan, F.L., Zhang, X.Q.: Eur. Phys. J. B 41, 75 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Nguyen, B.A.: Phys. Lett. A 328, 6 (2004)

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  52. Man, Z.X., Zhang, Z.J., Li, Y.: Chin. Phys. Lett. 22, 22 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gao, T., Yan, F.L., Wang, Z.X.: J. Phys. A 38, 5761 (2005)

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  54. Wang, H.F., Zhang, S., Yeon, K.H., Um, C.I.: J. Korean Phys. Soc. 49, 459 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ji, X., Zhang, S.: Chin. Phys. 15, 1418 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Zhu, A.D., Xia, Y., Fan, Q.B., Zhang, S.: Phys. Rev. A 73, 022338 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Li, X.H., Deng, F.G., Zhou, H.Y.: Phys. Rev. A 74, 054302 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Tang, C.J.: Phys. Lett. A 358, 256 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Tang, C.J.: Phys. Lett. A 368, 504 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lee, H., Lim, J., Yang, H.: Phys. Rev. A 73, 042305 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Tang, C.J.: Commun. Theor. Phys. 48, 637 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Yuan, H., He, Q., Hu, X.Y., et al.: Commun. Theor. Phys. 50, 1105 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. Xiu, X.M., Dong, H.K., Dong, L., et al.: Opt. Commun. 282, 2457 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Tsai, C.W., Hsieh, C.R., Hwang, T.: Eur. Phys. J. D 61, 779 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Banerjee, A., Pathak, A.: Phys. Lett. A 376, 2944 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang, C., Liu, J.W., Liu, X., Shang, T.: Commun. Theor. Phys. 60, 397 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yuan, H., Zhang, Q., Hong, L., et al.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 53, 2558 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Chang, Y., Zhang, S.B., Yan, L.L., Han, G.H.: Commun. Theor. Phys. 63, 285 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. Li, N., Li, J., Li, L.L., et al.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55, 3579 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Joy, D., Surendran, S.P., Sabir, M.: Quantum Inf. Process. 16, 157 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kao, S.H., Lin, J., Tsai, C.W., Hwang, T.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 1 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G., Popescu, S., Schumacher, B., Smolin, J.A., Wootters, W.K.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 722 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Pan, J.W., Simon, C., Zellinger, A.: Nature 410, 1067 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. Simon, C., Pan, J.W.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 257901 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ye, L., Guo, G.C.: Int. J. Quantum Inform. 03, 351 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sheng, Y.B., Deng, F.G., Zhou, H.Y.: Phys. Rev. A 77, 042308 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Li, X.H.: Phys. Rev. A 82, 044304 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. Sheng, Y.B., Deng, F.G.: Phys. Rev. A 82, 044305 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. Deng, F.G.: Phys. Rev. A 83, 062316 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ren, B.C., Deng, F.G.: Laser Phys. Lett. 10, 115201 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ren, B.C., Du, F.F., Deng, F.G.: Phys. Rev. A 90, 052309 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wang, G.Y., Liu, Q., Deng, F.G.: Phys. Rev. A 94, 032319 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bennett, C.H., Bernstein, H.J., Popescu, S., Schumacher, B.: Phys. Rev. A 53, 2046 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zhao, Z., Pan, J.W., Zhan, M.S.: Phys. Rev. A 64, 014301 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Yamamoto, T., Koashi, M., Imoto, N.: Phys. Rev. A 64, 012304 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. Sheng, Y.B., Deng, F.G., Zhou, H.Y.: Phys. Rev. A 77, 062325 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Deng, F.G.: Phys. Rev. A 85, 022311 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ren, B.C., Du, F.F., Deng, F.G.: Phys. Rev. A 88, 012302 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ren, B.C., Long, G.L.: Opt. Express 22, 6547 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ren, B.C., Wang, H., Alzahrani, F., Hobiny, A., Deng, F.G.: Anna. Phys. 385, 86 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank professor Zhan-jun Zhang for some important discussions. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61701002), the school-level key project of West Anhui University (Grant No. KJ103762015B23), and the Key Project of the Domestic Visiting and Studying for Outstanding Youth Cadre Teacher in Colleges and Universities of Anhui Province (Grant No. gxfxZD2016193).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics & Material Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230039, Anhui, China

    Hao Yuan & Xiao-Feng Yin

  2. School of Electrical & Optoelectronic Engineering, West Anhui University, Luan, 237012, Anhui, China

    Hao Yuan, Jun Song & Xiang-Yuan Liu

  3. Institute of Quantum Control and Automation, West Anhui University, Luan, 237012, Anhui, China

    Hao Yuan

  4. Research Center of Atmos Molecules Optical Applications, West Anhui University, Luan, 237012, Anhui, China

    Hao Yuan

Authors
  1. Hao Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jun Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiang-Yuan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiao-Feng Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hao Yuan.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yuan, H., Song, J., Liu, XY. et al. Deterministic Secure Four-qubit GHZ States Three-step Protocol for Quantum Communication. Int J Theor Phys 58, 3658–3666 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-019-04234-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-019-04234-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation