Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Democratic Representation and the National Dimension in Catalan and Basque Politics

  • Published:
International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper contributes to the research strand within empirical democratic theory dedicated to operationalizing representation and measuring levels of responsiveness. It discusses the merits and limits of the criterion of responsiveness for assessing the functioning of representative institutions. It builds on comparative findings about the susceptibility of party hierarchies to capture by relatively privileged segments of society, and on comparative findings about the consequences of policy packaging. It posits these as two crucial mechanisms that help account for the propensity of the democratic arena to become a relatively autonomous, privileged site for the construction of ideological hegemony. Furthermore, it presents original data from an elite survey of members of regional parliaments in Spain to illuminate the role of representative institutions and parties in recent efforts to forge and consolidate a particular type of ideological hegemony—micro-nationalist hegemony—in Catalonia and the Basque Country. It contrasts and explains the political dynamics operative in the two regions, emphasizing the divergent trajectories of left-wing party construction. In so doing, it contributes to the literature on nationalism as well, by honing in on the neglected arena of democratic politics as a critical site where the struggle for the success of nationalist hegemonic projects takes place.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The elite survey was prepared and carried out by a team of over 20 other social scientists, including this author, under the rubric of a research project titled Elites Políticas Autonómicas en España. It includes interviews with representative samples of all 17 regional parliaments, as well as the national Congress and Senate, as well as a matching survey of the general public. In total, 592 interviews with Spanish elite representatives were conducted between Spring of 2009 and Fall of 2010, including 46 interviews out of the universe of 135 Catalan parliamentarians and 39 interviews out of the universe of 75 Basque Parliamentarians. All interviews with Spanish elite representatives were subsequently coded by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) as Study 2827. The matching survey of the general public was conducted by the CIS between Jan 20 and Feb. 2, 2012, and was coded as Study 2930. The project was financed by Spain’s Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. Its principal investigator was Francesc Xavier Coller Porta. For further information about the surveys and about the research project, see www.upo.es/democraciayautonomias/.

References

  • Alford, R. R., & Friedland, R. (1975). Political participation and public policy. Annual Review of Sociology, 1, 429–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities. New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, W. (2003). The ETA: Spain’s Basque Terrorists. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ankersmit, F. R. (1996). Aesthetic politics: political philosophy beyond fact and value (Palo Alto. California: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansolabehere, S., Snyder, J. M., Jr., & Stewart, C., III. (2001). Candidate positioning in U.S. house elections. American Journal of Political Science, 45, 136–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, P., & Baratz, M. S. (1962). Two faces of power. The American Political Science Review, 56(4), 947–952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balbus, I. (1971). The concept of interest in Pluralist and Marxian analysis. Politics & Society, 1, 151–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, S. (1989). Dictatorship, workers and the city: labour in greater barcelona since 1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, L. M. (2008). Unequal democracy: the political economy of the new gilded age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beissenger, M. (2002). Nationalist mobilization and the collapse of the Soviet State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, G., .& Frankovic, K. (1991). Ideological consensus and constraint among party leaders and followers in the 1978 election, Micropolitics, 1, 87–111.

  • Bratton, K.A., & Haynie, K.L. (1999). Agenda Setting and legislative Success in State Legislatures: The Effects of Gender and Race, Journal of Politics 61: 658–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism reframed. Nationahood and the National question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. (1998). Myths and misconceptions in the study of Nationalism. In J. Hall (Ed.), The state of the nation: Ernest Gellner and the study of nationalism (pp. 272–306). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budge, I., & McDonald, M. D. (2006). Choices parties define: policy alternatives in representative elections, 17 countries 1945–1998. Party Politics, 12(4), 451–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunce, V. (1999). Subversive institutions: the design and destruction of socialism and the state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnes, N. (2012). Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter?. Legislative Studies Quarterly, XXXVII, 1: 5–34.

  • Cebrián, C. (1997). Estimat PSUC. Barcelona: Empúries.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. E2784 (2009); E2827 (2010); E2852 (2010); E2965 (2012); E2959 (2012).

  • Chong, D., & Druckman, J. (2007). Framing public opinion in competitive democracies. American Political Science Review, 101(4), 637–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. In A. Hamlin & P. Pettit (Eds.), The good polity (pp. 17–34). New York: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colomé, G. (1989). El Partit Socialista de Catalunya. Barcelona: Edicions 62.

  • Connolly, W. (1972). On “Interests” in politics. Politics & Society, 2(4), 459–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Converse, P. E., & Pierce, R. (1986). Political representation in France. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conversi, D. (1997). The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: alternative routes to nationalist mobilization. London: Hurst and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. A. (1986). Democracy, liberty, and equality. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. A. (1998). On democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, R. J. (2006). Citizen politics in western democracies (4th ed.). Washington: CQ Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Calle, L., & Miley, T. J. (2008). Analyzing the dynamics of assimilation in nationalist contexts: is there really more assimilation in Catalonia than in the Basque Country? European Journal of Political Research, 47, 710–736.

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Calle, L., & Sánchez Cuenca, I. (2004). La selección de víctimas en ETA. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 10, 53–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Pablo Contreras, S., Mees, L. (2005). El péndulo patriótico: historia del Partido Nacionalista Vasco. Barcelona: Crítica.

  • de Riquer, B. (1997). La societat catalana al final del règim franquista, in Pere Ysàs i Solanes, ed., La transició a Catalunya i Espanya. Barcelona: Fundació Doctor Lluís Vila d’Abadal, 49–65.

  • Diez Medrano, J. (1995). Divided nations: class, politics, and nationalism in the Basque Country and Catalonia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Disch, L. (2011). Toward a mobilization conception of democratic representation. American Political Science Review, 105(1), 100–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domhoff, G. W. (2010). Who rules America. Philadelphia: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguiguren, J. M. (1984). El PSOE en el País Vasco. San Sebastian: Haranburu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguiguren, J. M. (1994). El socialismo y la izquierda vasca: 1886–1994. Madrid: Pablo Iglesias.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstadt, S. N., & Rokkan, S. (Eds.). (1973). Building states and nations. New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: a constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaxie, D., & Godmer, L. (2007). Cultural capital and political selection: educational backgrounds of parliamentarians. In C. Maurizio & B. Heinrich (Eds.), Democratic representation in Europe. Diversity, change, and convergence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and nationalisms. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilens, M. (2005). Inequality and democratic responsiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(5), 778–896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilens, M. (2009). Preference gaps and inequality in representation. PS: Political Science and Politics, 42(2), 335–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, R. (1989). Historia del Partido Obrero Español. Madrid: Alianza.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. New York: International Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosse, C.R. (2011). Congress in Black and White. Race and Representation in Washington and at Home. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Gunther, R., Montero, J. R., & Botella, J. (2004). Democracy in modern Spain. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1990). Moral consciousness and communicative action. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermet, G. (1971). The communists in Spain: study of an underground political movement. London: Saxon House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera, C. L., Herrera, R., & Smith, E. R. A. N. (1992). Public opinion and congressional representation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 185–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, E. (1991). Nations and nationalisms since 1780. Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, J.D., Powell, G.B Jr. (1994), Congruence between Citizens and Policy Makers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy, World Politics, 46: 291–326. Instituto de Estadística de Catalunya. (2012). http://www.idescat.cat/pub/?id=aec&n=803&lang=en&t=2008&x=12&y=5

  • Instituto Vasco de Estadística. (2012). http://www.eustat.es/elementos/ele0000400/ti_Poblacion_por_ambitos_territoriales_lengua_materna_y_lengua_hablada_en_casa_2006/tbl0000490_c.html#axzz2LO1TZsbR

  • Izquierdo Escribano, A. (1985). Prensa y Opinión Pública. Un modelo de análisis sociológico: La experiencia catalana. Barcelona: Mitre, D.L.

  • Jacobs, L. R., & Page, B. I. (2005). Who influences U.S. foreign policy? American Political Science Review, 99(1), 107–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, L. R., & Shapiro, R. J. (2000). Politicians don’t pander: political manipulation and the loss of democratic responsiveness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. D. (1973). Outputs, structure, and power: an assessment of changes in the study of state and local politics. Journal of Politics. 30: 510–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juliá, S. (1996). Los socialistas en la política española, 1879–1982. Madrid: Taurus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jutglar, A. (1984). Estudio preliminar. In M. S. Moret (Ed.), Introducción al Manifiesto del Partido Comunista y otros escritos. Barcelona: Anthropos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (2009). The cartel party thesis: a restatement. Perspectives on Politics, 7(4), 753–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keating, M., & Bray, Z. (2006). Renegotiating sovereignty: Basque nationalism and the rise and fall of the Ibarretxe plan. Ethnopolitics, 5(4), 347–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedar, O. (2005). When moderate voters prefer extreme parties: policy balancing in parliamentary elections. American Political Science Review, 99(2), 185–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinder, D. R., & Nelson, T. E. (2005). Democratic debate and real opinions. In K. J. Callaghan et al. (Eds.), Framing American politics (pp. 103–122). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitschelt, H. (2001). Partisan competition and welfare state retrenchment. When do politicians choose unpopular policies? In P. Pierson (Ed.), The new politics of the welfare state (pp. 265–304). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom, C. E. (1990). Inquiry and change: the troubled attempt to understand and shape society. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linz, J. J. (1985). De la crisis de un Estado unitario al Estado de las Autonomías. In F. Fernández Rodríguez (Ed.), La España de las Autonomías (pp. 527–672). Madrid: Instituto de Estudios de Administración Local.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linz, J. J. (1993). State building and nation building. European Review, 1(4), 355–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linz, J. J. (2002). Parties in contemporary democracies: Problems and paradoxes. In R. Gunter, J. R. Montero, & J. J. Linz (Eds.), Political parties. Old concepts and new challenges (pp. 298–317). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Linz, J. J. (2006). Robert Michels, political sociology, and the future of democracy. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linz, J. J. (2007). Conclusiones. Los partidos politicos en la política democrática: Problemas y paradojas. In J. R. Montero, R. Gunther, & J. J. Linz (Eds.). Partidos políticos. Viejos conceptos y nuevos retos (pp. 277–305). Madrid: Editorial Trotta.

  • Linz, J. J. (2008a). Construcción temprana del Estado y nacionalismos periféricos tardíos frente al Estado: el caso de España. In J. R. Montero, T. J. Miley, & J. J. Linz (Eds.), Obras escogidas. Volumen 2. Nacion, Estado y lengua (pp. 4–73). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linz, J. J. (2008b). Españoles, vascos españoles, vascos: el problema de la identidad. In J. R. Montero, T. J. Miley, & J. J. Linz (Eds.), Obras escogidas. Volumen 2. Nacion, Estado y lengua (pp. 277–322). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linz, J. J. (2012). Cautionary and unorthodox thoughts about democracy today. In C. Douglas & M. Scott (Eds.), Problems confronting contemporary democracies. Essays in honor of Alfred Stepan (pp. 227–252). Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linz, J. J., Gómez-Reino, M., Vila, D., & Orizo, F. A. (1986). Conflicto en Euskadi. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, S.M., Rokkan, S. (1967). Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments, in Lipset and Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspective, 1–64.

  • Lukes, S. (2005). Power: a radical view (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupia, A., & McCubbins, M. (1998). The democratic dilemma: can citizens learn what they need to know? New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lustick, I. (1993). Unsettled states, disputed lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttbeg, N. R. (1974). Public opinion and public policy. Models of political linkage. Homewood: Dorsey Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manin, B. (1997). The principles of representative government. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M. (2005). The dark side of democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J. J. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent ‘Yes’. Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J. J. (2003). Rethinking representation. American Political Science Review, 97(4), 515–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcet, J. (1987). Convergència Democrática de Catalunya: el partido y el movimiento político (Vol. 87). Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín i Ramos, J. L. L. (1977). Els orígens del Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya. Barcelona: Curial.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín Ramos, J.L. (1978). “Fragmentació i unitat del socialisme català durant la dictadura franquista (1939–1978),” L’Avenç #228: 20–24.

  • Martínez-Herrera, E. (2002). Nationalist extremism and outcomes of state policies in the Basque Country, 1979–2001. International Journal of Multicultural Societies, 4(1), 16–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Herrera, E., & Miley, T. J. (2010). The constitution and the politics of national identity in contemporary Spain. Nations and Nationalisms, 16(1), 6–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Herrea, E, Miley, T.J. (2011). Cria cuervos. CiU Gobierna España, Viejo Topo, 278: 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Herrera, E., Miley, T.J. (2012). ¿Qué destino para el País Vasco?, in Le Monde Diplomatique, No. 195.

  • Martínez-Herrera, E., Miley, T.J. (2013). Independentismo catalán y representación, El Diario, July 4.

  • Michels, R. (1962). Political parties. A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miley, T. J. (2005). Power politics, class conflict, and nationalist hegemony in Contemporary Catalonia. VII Congreso Español de Ciencia Política y de la Administración: Democracia y Buen Gobierno (pp. 184–209). http://www.aecpa.es/uploads/files/congresos/congreso_07/area06/GT26/JEFFREY-MILEY-Thomas(YaleUniversity).pdf.

  • Miley, T. J. (2006). Nacionalismo y política lingüística: El caso de Cataluña. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miliband, R. (1969). The state in capitalist society. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miliband, R. (1982). Capitalist democracy in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1963). Constituency influence in Congress. American Political Science Review, 57(1), 45–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W., Pierce, R., Thomassen, J., Herrera, R., Holmberg, S., Esaisson, P., & Wessels, B. (eds.) (1999). Political Representation in Western Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Mujal-León, E. (1983). Communism and political change in Spain. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munger, F. (1969). Opinions, elections, parties and policies: a cross state analysis, presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York.

  • Munger, F., Meezy, M. (1968). Participation and party competition as determinants of state policy: the old politics and the new, presented at the Annual Meeting of the New York State Political Science Association, Poughkeepsie.

  • Norris, P., Lovenduski, J. (1995). Political Recruitment: Gender, Race, and Class in the British Parliament. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Page, B. I., & Shapiro, R. Y. (1993). The rational public. Fifty years of trends in Americans’ policy preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, A. (1998). Democracy and representation: or, why should it matter who our representatives are? in Anne Phillips, ed. Feminism and Politics. Oxford University Press, 224–240.

  • Pierce, R. (1999). Mass-elite issue linkages and the responsible party model of representation. In W. E. Miller et al. (Eds.), Policy representation in western democracies (pp. 9–32). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plotke, D. (1997). Representation is democracy. Constellations, 4(1), 19–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porpora, D. (1993). Cultural rules and material relations. Sociological Theory, 11(2), 212–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulantzas, N. (1969). The problem of the capitalist state. New Left Review, 58, 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Przeworski, A. (2010). Democracy and the limits of self-government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C., & Manin, B. (Eds.). (1999). Democracy, accountability, and representation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Przeworski, A., & Wallerstein, M. (1988) The structural depence of the state on capital, American Political Science Review. 82, 1: 11–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. D. (1976). The comparative study of political elites. London: Longman Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, J. E., Lee, W., & Van der Straaten, K. (2007). Racism, xenophobia, and distribution: multi-issue politics in advanced democracies. Cambridge: Russell Sage Foundation Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. D. (1973). National and local forces in state politics: the implications of multi-level policy analysis. American Political Science Review, 67(4), 1162–1173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartori, G. (1962). Democratic theory. Westport: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saward, M. (2010). The representative claim. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitter, P. (2011). The future of ‘real-existing’ democracy. Society & Economy, 33(2): 399–428.

  • Schnattsneider, E. E. (1960). The semisovereign people. New York: Holdt, Reinhart, and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shabad, G., & Gunther, R. (1982). Language, nationalism, and political conflict in Spain. Comparative Politics, 14(4), 443–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, WR, Weber, R.E. (1972). Political Responsiveness in the American States, presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C.

  • Smith, A. D. (1991). National identity. Reno: The University of Nevada Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sniderman, P. M., & Thierault, S. M. (2004). The structures of political argument and the logic of issue framing. In W. E. Saris & P. M. Sniderman (Eds.), Studies in public opinion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomassen, J. (1999). Political communication between political elites and mass publics: the role of belief systems. In W. E. Miller et al. (Eds.), Policy representation in western democracies (pp. 33–58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Tsebelis, G. (1990). Nested games: rational choice in comparative politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez, R. (2010). Politics, culture, and sociability in the Basque national party. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vélez-Pelligrini, L. (2003). El estilo populista: origenes, auge y declive del Pujolismo. Barcelona: El Viejo Topo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, S. L. (1995). Balkan tragedy: chaos and dissolution after the cold war. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodworth, P. (2001). Dirty war, clean hands. ETA, the GAL and Spanish Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaller, J. R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zulaika, J., & Douglass, W. A. (1996). Terror and taboo. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Thomas Jeffrey Miley

Authors
  1. Thomas Jeffrey Miley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Jeffrey Miley.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Miley, T.J. Democratic Representation and the National Dimension in Catalan and Basque Politics. Int J Polit Cult Soc 27, 291–322 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-013-9159-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-013-9159-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation