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Effect of the Working Fluid Charge Ratio and Heat Flux on the Temperature Homogenization Characteristics of a Vapor Chamber-Type Heat Spreader

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Abstract

In this work, the temperature homogenization characteristics of a vapor chamber-type heat spreader were investigated. A copper vapor chamber with dimensions of 102 mm × 102 mm × 5 mm (width × length × thickness) was tested, and the distributions of the radial temperature and cumulative effective thermal conductivity across the heat spreading surface were measured at different working fluid charge ratios and heat fluxes. Water was employed as the working fluid at charge ratios of approximately 30%, 40%, and 60%. The vapor chamber was heated at the center within a heat flux range from 100 W·cm−2 to 200 W·cm−2 with a heat sink located at the peripheral edge to induce one-dimensional radial outward heat flow. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the temperature homogenization characteristics of the vapor chamber were significantly influenced by the working fluid charge ratio combined with the applied heat flux and heat sink temperature uniformity. Thus, to improve temperature homogeneity, the vapor chamber should be operated with a proper amount of the working fluid at a high heat flux (lower than the critical value causing drying) together with a heat sink of a high-temperature uniformity. Regarding the tested vapor chamber operated at a 30% working fluid charge ratio, which produced the lowest level of temperature asymmetry, the overall effective thermal conductivity ranged from 2460 W·m−1·K−1 ± 240 W·m−1·K−1 to 2910 W·m−1·K−1 ± 290 W·m−1·K−1 at 180 W·cm−2.

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Data Availability

All the raw data is available (if requested).

Abbreviations

\({c}_{p}\) :

Isobaric-specific heat

\(H\) :

Thickness of the vapor chamber-type heat spreader

\({k}_{\mathrm{eff}}\) :

Effective thermal conductivity

\({r}_{\mathrm{i}}\) :

Inner radial distance from the center

\({r}_{\mathrm{o}}\) :

Outer radial distance from the center

\(\rho\) :

Density

\(\Delta {t}_{\mathrm{coolant}}\) :

Temperature change of the coolant

\(\Delta {t}_{\mathrm{radial}}\) :

Radial temperature difference between \({r}_{\mathrm{i}}\) and \({r}_{\mathrm{o}}\)

\({\dot{Q}}_{\mathrm{s}}\) :

Heat spread rate

\({\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{coolant}}\) :

Flow rate of the coolant

\(U\) :

Expanded uncertainty at approximately 95% level of confidence

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by an Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) grant provided by the ICT R&D program of MSIT/IITP (21IU1240; Development of a meso-scale high-speed heat spreader based on a super heat conducting technique).

Funding

This work was supported by an Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) grant provided by the ICT R&D program of MSIT/IITP (21IU1240; Development of a meso-scale high-speed heat spreader based on a super heat conducting technique).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Intelligent Robot Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea

    Jonghak Han & Wukchul Joung

  2. Defence Materials and Components Convergence Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

    Hyuncheol Bae

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea

    Wukchul Joung

Authors
  1. Jonghak Han
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  2. Hyuncheol Bae
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Contributions

Jonghak Han performed the experiment and wrote the main manuscript, Hyuncheol Bae specified the test conditions and prepared the test devices, and Wukchul Joung wrote the main manuscript and prepared figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Wukchul Joung.

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Han, J., Bae, H. & Joung, W. Effect of the Working Fluid Charge Ratio and Heat Flux on the Temperature Homogenization Characteristics of a Vapor Chamber-Type Heat Spreader. Int J Thermophys 43, 168 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-022-03088-9

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