Abstract
In order to improve the detection sensitivity and stability of scanning laser ultrasound techniques, we propose a transmission time delay method, based on the time delay of transmitted longitudinal waves, for the evaluation of the size and position of an internal cavity. By studying the interacting process between the longitudinal wave and the internal cavity through theory and finite element method, the relationships among the time delay, cavity radius, and the detection distance were determined. The monotonicity of the relationship indicates that the time delay can be used to inverse the radius and the depth position of the internal cavity. The laser ultrasound experiments were performed on three aluminum samples with different internal cavities through the concentric transmission method. The C-scan results show that compared with using amplitude attenuation to detect the cavity, the time delay of transmitted waves can detect the internal cavities more stably and accurately. The experimental data are close to the theoretical and simulation results, and the inversion of cavity depth was achieved based on the measured parameters (the time delay, cavity radius, frequency, velocity). The results demonstrate that the transmission time delay method has a great application potential in the localization and quantification of the internal defects.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C.B. Scruby, L.E. Drain, Laser ultrasonics techniques and applications (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990)
H.J. Shin, J.R. Lee, Development of a long-range multi-area scanning ultrasonic propagation imaging system built into a hangar and its application on an actual aircraft. Struct. Health Monit. 16, 97–111 (2017)
B. Park, H. Sohn, C.M. Yeum et al., Laser ultrasonic imaging and damage detection for a rotating structure. Struct. Health Monit. 12, 494–506 (2013)
K. Burgess, V. Prakapenka, E. Hellebrand, Elastic characterization of platinum/rhodium alloy at high temperature by combined laser heating and laser ultrasonic techniques. Ultrasonics 54, 963–966 (2014)
A. Shinbine, T. Garcin, C. Sinclair, In-situ laser ultrasonic measurement of the hcp to bcc transformation in commercially pure titanium. Mater. Charact. 117, 57–64 (2016)
F. Dong, X.C. Wang, Q. Yang et al., Directional dependence of aluminum grain size measurement by laser-ultrasonic technique. Mater. Charact. 129, 114–120 (2017)
M. Kuriakose, S. Raetz, N. Chigarev et al., Picosecond laser ultrasonics for imaging of transparent polycrystalline materials compressed to Megabar pressures. Ultrasonics 69, 259–267 (2016)
T. Mihara, Y. Otsuka, H. Cho et al., Time-of-flight diffraction measurement using laser ultrasound. Exp. Mech. 46, 561–567 (2006)
C. Pei, T. Fukuchi, K. Koyama et al., A study of internal defect testing with the laser-EMAT ultrasonic method. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 59, 2702–2708 (2012)
C. Pei, K. Demachi, T. Fukuchi et al., Cracks measurement using fiber-phased array laser ultrasound generation. J. Appl. Phys. 113, 163101 (2013)
P.R. Murray, R.J. Dewhurst, Application of a laser/EMAT system for using shear and LS mode converted waves. Ultrasonics 40, 771–776 (2002)
A. Blouin, D. Lévesque, C. Néron et al., Improved resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in laser-ultrasonics by SAFT processing. Opt. Express 2, 531–539 (1998)
D. Lévesque, C. Bescond, M. Lord et al., Inspection of thick welded joints using laser-ultrasonic SAFT. Ultrasonics 69, 236–242 (2016)
G. Rousseau, A. Blouin, Hadamard multiplexing in laser ultrasonics. Opt. Express 20, 25798–25816 (2012)
K. Zhang, Z. Zhou, J. Zhou, Application of laser ultrasonic method for on-line monitoring of friction stir spot welding process. Appl. Opt. 54, 7483–7489 (2015)
K. Zhang, Z. Zhou, L. Ma, Research on a laser ultrasound method for testing the quality of a nuclear radiation protection structure. Meas. Sci. Technol. 28, 025204 (2017)
T. Stratoudaki, M. Clark, P.D. Wilcox, Laser induced ultrasonic phased array using full matrix capture data acquisition and total focusing method. Opt. Express 24, 21921–21938 (2016)
R. Quinteroa, F. Simonettia, P. Howardb et al., Non-contact laser ultrasonic inspection of Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs). NDT&E Int. 88, 8–16 (2017)
T. Tanaka, Y. Izawa, Nondestructive detection of small internal defects in carbon steel by laser ultrasonics. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 1477–1481 (2001)
G. Diot, A.K. David, H. Walaszek et al., Non-destructive testing of porosity in laser welded aluminium alloy plates-laser ultrasound and frequency-bandwidth analysis. J. Nondestruct. Eval. 32, 354–361 (2013)
K. Sun, Z. Shen, Y. Shi et al., Nondestructive detection of small blowholes in aluminium alloy by using laser ultrasonics technique. Int. J. Thermophys. 36, 1181–1188 (2015)
C.F. Ying, Ultrasonic visualization and theoretical analyses of scatterings of ultrasonic pulses in solids. Phys. Acoust. XIX, 291–343 (1990)
P.B. Nagy, M. Blodgett, M. Golis, Weep hole inspection by circumferential creeping waves. NDT&E Int. 27, 131–142 (1994)
D.P. Hurst, J.A.G. Temple, Calculation of the velocity of creeping waves and their application to non-destructive testing. Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 10, 451–464 (1982)
V.V. Krylov, Directivity patterns of laser-generated sound in solids: effects of optical and thermal parameters. Ultrasonics 69, 279–284 (2016)
D.A. Hutchins, R.J. Dewhurst, S.B. Palmer, Directivity patterns of laser-generated ultrasound in aluminum. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 1362–1369 (1981)
Y.N. Guo, D.X. Yang, W. Feng et al., Influence of transparent coating hardness on laser-generated ultrasonic waves. J. Appl. Phys. 113, 023509 (2013)
J.D. Achenbach, Laser excitation of surface wave motion. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51, 1885–1902 (2003)
B. Xu, Z. Shen, X. Ni et al., Numerical simulation of laser-generated ultrasound by the finite element method. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 2116–2122 (2004)
R.B. Govindan, J. Raethjen, F. Kopper et al., Estimation of time delay by coherence analysis. Phys. A 350, 277–295 (2005)
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61801451, 51905506).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, K., Sun, C., Li, J. et al. Study of Laser-Generated Longitudinal Waves Interacting with an Internal Spherical Cavity by Use of a Transmission Time Delay Method. Int J Thermophys 41, 81 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-020-02666-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-020-02666-z