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The Risks of Yellow Fever to Asian Primates

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Abstract

Infectious diseases are a growing threat to the conservation of nonhuman primates. In the case of diseases shared with humans, the risk is higher where habitat loss and fragmentation facilitate proximity to wildlife. Yellow fever (YF) is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquito vectors between primates in a sylvatic cycle or between humans in an urban cycle. Whereas YF does not compromise the survival of primates in Africa, where the disease is native and endemic, it has caused significant losses in Atlantic Forest primate populations in South America. Given that Asia is free of YF, we anticipate maps of infection risk for 80 species of Asian primates based on biotic and abiotic predictors of YF environmental suitability. Specifically, we used data on climate, forest cover, and the potential distribution of the mosquitoes that act as vectors in YF sylvatic cycles. We found that Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, and portions of southern India are high-risk zones for the occurrence of the YF virus. Four primate species have their ranges located completely within YF high-risk zones and an additional 44 species include high-risk zones within their distributions. We found that YF is a potential threat to wildlife worldwide, and that Asian primates can become particularly vulnerable if the YF virus is introduced into the region. Given the documented negative effects of YF on primates that are not immune to the disease, we stress the urgency of global control policies, such as mass human vaccination and safer travel protocols, to prevent the spread of the YF virus.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Alejandro Estrada and Paul A. Garber for inviting us to contribute to this special issue. We also thank two anonymous reviewers and Paul A. Garber for their critical and constructive comments on earlier versions of this article. JCBM also thanks the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/CNPq for a research fellowship (PQ 1C No. 304475/2018-1). RMR also thanks CNPq (No. 142352/2017-9). MABA acknowledges the support of Vivyanne Santiago Magalhães. LPS thanks the Concordia University for a Horizon2020 post-doc fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Primatologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Júlio César Bicca-Marques

  2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil

    Rafael Magalhães Rabelo

  3. Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, AM, Brazil

    Rafael Magalhães Rabelo

  4. Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Marco Antônio Barreto de Almeida

  5. Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Lilian Patrícia Sales

Authors
  1. Júlio César Bicca-Marques
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  2. Rafael Magalhães Rabelo
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  3. Marco Antônio Barreto de Almeida
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  4. Lilian Patrícia Sales
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Contributions

JCBM conceived the study. JCBM, RMR and MABA designed the study. RMR and LPS analyzed the data. JCBM, RMR, MABA, and LPS wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Júlio César Bicca-Marques.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Paul Garber

Supplementary Information

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Bicca-Marques, J.C., Rabelo, R.M., de Almeida, M.A.B. et al. The Risks of Yellow Fever to Asian Primates. Int J Primatol 43, 74–91 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00223-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00223-5

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