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Negotiations over Grooming in Wild Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)

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Abstract

Mutual grooming plays a central role in the establishment and maintenance of social relationships in primates. Allogrooming has two main functions: hygiene and bonding with partners. The duration of grooming bouts is commonly used in studies of the functional aspects of grooming, but few reflect on the proximate mechanisms that determine grooming bout lengths. As it is highly unlikely that groomer and groomee prefer exactly the same bout length, we are likely to observe the result of some form of negotiation. We currently lack information about the signals that primates employ to inform others about their intentions and desires concerning grooming interactions. From October 2006 until April 2007 we studied three behaviors shown in grooming interactions that could potentially have a signaling function in the negotiation process over the initiation and length of grooming bouts among adult females of two vervet groups freely ranging in the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa: approaching another individual as far as that resulted in a grooming session, changing of the body position by the groomed individual, and lip smacking. We found that “approach” did not reliably predict which individual would receive grooming first, although approaching individuals groomed significantly more than those approached. Thus, in the context of grooming interactions, moving toward a group member may signal the willingness to invest. Body part presentations appeared to be the main signal used to demand a prolongation of the grooming by the partner. Finally, lip smacking was used under potentially stressful circumstances, notably shortly before using the mouth to groom the partner or an attempt to touch a mother’s infant. Our exploratory study hopefully inspires colleagues to start looking at the role of communication during cooperative interactions for a better appreciation of how animals manage cooperation and negotiate exchange rates.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Leslie Brown of UNISA, Louise Barrett, and Peter Henzi for offering us the opportunity to collaborate in the ABEERU Vervet Project. We especially thank the authorities of the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve part of Mpumalanga Parks Board of South Africa for permission to conduct our project in this area, and Alan Barrett, Tersia de Beer, Cécile Fruteau, and Eléonore Hellard for support. Funds were provided by the Fonds Wüthrich of University of Neuchâtel (to M. Spinelli and E. van de Waal), the Swiss Science Foundation (grant to R. Bshary), NWO programme Evolution and Behaviour (051-12-036) (to R. Noë); EU-Framework 6 NEST project GEBACO (28696) (to R. Noë), and ESF-EUROCORES program TECT (to R. Noë). Constructive remarks of the Joanna Setchell and two anonymous reviewers allowed us to improve our original text.

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  1. University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Erica van de Waal, Martina Spinelli, Redouan Bshary & Albert Frank Huascar Ros

  2. UNISA, Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystem Research Unit, Private Bag X6, Florida, South Africa, 1710

    Erica van de Waal, Martina Spinelli, Redouan Bshary & Ronald Noë

  3. Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St-Andrews, School of Psychology, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK

    Erica van de Waal

  4. University de Strasbourg, Faculté de Psychologie & Ethologie Evolutive, DEPE-CNRS, 67087 cedex, Strasbourg, France

    Ronald Noë

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  1. Erica van de Waal
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Correspondence to Ronald Noë.

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Erica van de Waal and Martina Spinelli are joined first authorship.

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van de Waal, E., Spinelli, M., Bshary, R. et al. Negotiations over Grooming in Wild Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). Int J Primatol 34, 1153–1171 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-013-9729-1

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