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Spatial Distribution and Exploitation of Trees Gouged by Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

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Abstract

Resource distribution shapes many aspects of primate behavioral ecology. Though the spatial patterning of fruits, leaves, and insects has been explored among primate foods, comparatively less is known about exudate distributions. Tree exudates are a renewable resource, provide long-term evidence of exploitation, and may be selectively exploited to manipulate spatial distribution. We assessed the spatial patterning of trees gouged by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to determine if they exhibit a uniform, random, or clumped distribution. We also asked whether marmosets selectively gouge trees in home range centers, which may afford them exclusive access to exudates. We explored whether spatial or physical characteristics of trees predict how intensely gouged trees were exploited. The mean nearest neighbor distance of gouged trees was significantly closer than expected for a random distribution and Ripley’s K-function showed that gouged trees were clumped across all spatial scales in our study area. Clumping may enable marmosets to reduce day and home ranges and facilitate repeated gouging of trees. Gouged trees were not closer to marmosets’ home range centers than peripheries, nor were centrally located trees more intensely gouged. Increased gouging intensity was associated with larger tree circumferences, although this effect was primarily driven by interspecific differences in circumference. Although marmosets may benefit from exploiting clumped exudates, they do not concentrate gouging in areas where they are more likely to gain exclusive access. Species-specific tree characteristics such as exudate quality and/or bark properties may play a larger role in determining gouging patterns than intergroup feeding competition.

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Acknowledgments

We thank P. Lucas for advice and assistance in collecting these data as well as two anonymous reviewers, the associate editor, and editor-in-chief for their helpful comments. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (BCS-0094666), The National Geographic Society, and The Leakey Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA

    Cynthia L. Thompson, Nicholas J. Robl & Christopher J. Vinyard

  2. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    Nicholas J. Robl

  3. Parque Dois Irmãos, Recife, 52171-011, Brazil

    Leonardo César de Oliveira Melo

  4. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Brasilia, 70670-350, Brazil

    Mônica M. Valença-Montenegro

  5. Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Comportamento Animal do Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil

    Yumma Bernardo Maranhão Valle & Maria Adélia Borstelmann de Oliveira

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Thompson, C.L., Robl, N.J., de Oliveira Melo, L.C. et al. Spatial Distribution and Exploitation of Trees Gouged by Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Int J Primatol 34, 65–85 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9647-7

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