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Digit Ratios and Dominance in Female Baboons (Papio hamadryas and Papio ursinus)

International Journal of Primatology volume 33, pages 1439–1452 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

A growing body of literature suggests that the ratio between the second and fourth digits of the hands (2D:4D ratio) is associated with exposure to prenatal sex hormones in a variety of animals including primates. Female baboons form dominance hierarchies composed of matrilines of related individuals, and the social mechanisms contributing to the structure of these hierarchies have been well studied. We here investigated the relationship between inferred prenatal androgen effects (PAE) and female rank in a captive troop of Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) with a typical social structure and three captive groups of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) made up entirely of unrelated orphans. Low 2D:4D ratios (high inferred PAE) were associated with higher-ranking females and high 2D:4D ratios (low inferred PAE) with lower-ranking females in both focal species. This negative correlation between 2D:4D ratio and rank suggests prenatal androgens are linked with the maintenance of female ranks within matrilines in troops with a natural social structure and to the ranks acquired by orphan females.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Rita Miljo, founder of C.A.R.E, who dedicated her life to the animals she loved, and Stephen Munro, Elena Pezzotta, Savannah Beck, and the entire C.A.R.E team for their help in South Africa and the primate staff at Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo for their cooperation. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    Caroline Howlett & William O. H. Hughes

  2. CIRCLE, Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK

    Andrew R. Marshall

  3. Flamingo Land Ltd., Kirby Misperton, Malton, YO17 6UX, UK

    Andrew R. Marshall

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  1. Caroline Howlett
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  2. Andrew R. Marshall
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Correspondence to Caroline Howlett.

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Howlett, C., Marshall, A.R. & Hughes, W.O.H. Digit Ratios and Dominance in Female Baboons (Papio hamadryas and Papio ursinus). Int J Primatol 33, 1439–1452 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9636-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9636-x

Keywords

  • 2D:4D digit ratio
  • Hormone
  • Prenatal androgens
  • Primate
  • Rank
  • Social hierarchy