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Nutritional Ecology of Ateles chamek in lowland Bolivia: How Macronutrient Balancing Influences Food Choices

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Abstract

All free-living animals must make choices regarding which foods to eat, with the choices influencing their health and fitness. An important goal in nutritional ecology is therefore to understand what governs animals’ diet selection. Despite large variation in the availability of different food items, Peruvian spider monkeys (Ateles chamek) maintain a relatively stable daily protein intake, but allow total energy intake to vary as a function of the composition of available food items. This is referred to as protein-dominated macronutrient balancing. Here we assess the influence of this nutritional strategy on daily and seasonal nutritional intakes, estimate the nutritional value of different foods, and interpret unusual food choices. We conducted continuous all-day observations of focal spider monkeys inhabiting a semideciduous forest in Bolivia. We recorded feeding events, collected foods, and analyzed their nutrient content. By using the Geometric Framework for nutrition, we show that individuals reached their daily end-point in nutrient space —balance between protein and nonprotein energy intake— by consuming nutritionally balanced foods or by alternating between nutritionally complementary foods. The macronutritionally balanced figs of Ficus boliviana were their primary staple food and therefore dominated their overall nutritional intake. Our results also demonstrate that spider monkeys consumed a diverse array of ripe fruits to overcome periods of fig scarcity rather than vice versa; they could obtain sufficient protein on a diet of pure fruit; and unripe figs constituted a nutritionally rewarding and reliable food resource. We hope that the approaches taken and the conclusions reached in this study will catalyze further inquiries into the nutritional ecology of frugivorous primates.

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported through the generous financial assistance of the Wildlife Conservation Society, Conservation International, the Rufford Foundation, and the Primate Society of Great Britain. We thank the personnel of Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Agroindustría Forestal La Chonta Ltda, and el Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible (BOLFOR) for providing logistical support and expert advice, especially Marielos Peña-Claros, Todd Fredericksen, and Joaquin Justiniano. José and Genaro Chuviña provided integral assistance during all phases of the field work. We also thank Renna Short, Helga Peters, Petter König, and all other volunteers and field workers. We thank Nancy Conklin-Brittain, Francis Marsh, and Rositta Shun Ting Au for guidance and assistance in laboratory work. Advice from Robert Wallace, Ross Cunningham, and Colin Groves contributed to the design of this project and Clive Hilliker helped with graphics. We also thank Stephen Simpson for providing mentorship on the use of the Geometric Framework, and 2 anonymous reviewers for improving on an earlier version of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia

    Annika M. Felton, Adam Felton, Jeff T. Wood & David B. Lindenmayer

  2. Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Cuarto Anillo Casilla Postal 6204, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia

    Annika M. Felton

  3. Department of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia

    William J. Foley & Ian R. Wallis

  4. Institute of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102 904, Auckland, New Zealand

    David Raubenheimer

  5. New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102 904, Auckland, New Zealand

    David Raubenheimer

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  1. Annika M. Felton
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Correspondence to Annika M. Felton.

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Felton, A.M., Felton, A., Wood, J.T. et al. Nutritional Ecology of Ateles chamek in lowland Bolivia: How Macronutrient Balancing Influences Food Choices. Int J Primatol 30, 675–696 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-009-9367-9

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