Skip to main content
Log in

Multi-Hop Wireless Backhaul Networks above 10 GHz: Connectivity and Critical Density Evaluation

  • Published:
Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Microwave links are the obvious mobile backhauling solution for many mobile operators. Multi-hops are likely to be necessary in order to ensure connectivity for mobile backhaul solutions. The subject of the present paper is the evaluation of the connectivity of wireless multi-hop backhaul networks assuming high frequency transmissions among the relays. A novel analytical physical propagation and engineering model is presented for the calculation of the connectivity of wireless multi-hop networks that appropriate for operating frequencies above 10 GHz. Assuming equal power transmissions from every node and a random spatial node distribution following the homogeneous Poisson process, we calculate the node isolation probability. Furthermore, we calculate the minimum required node density in order to keep the backhaul network almost connected. The sensitivity of the isolation probability and of the minimum node density on frequency of operation, transmission power and climatic conditions is also investigated. Some useful conclusions are drawn.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. IEEE 802.16, “IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks—part 16: Air interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems,” (2009).

  2. J. Wells, “Faster than fiber: The future of multi- G/s wireless,” IEEE Microwave Magazine 10 (3), 104–112 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. S. Chia, M. Gasparroni, and P. Brick, “The next challenge for cellular networks: backhaul,” IEEE Microwave Magazine 10 (5), 54–66 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. S. Little, “Is microwave backhaul up to the 4G task?” IEEE Microwave Magazine 10 (5), 67–74 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. D. Lockie and D. Peck, “High-data-rate millimeter-wave radios,” IEEE Microwave Magazine 10 (5), 75–83 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Y.-C. Cheng and T. G. Robertazzi, “Critical connectivity phenomena in multi-hop radio models,” IEEE Transactions on Communications 37 (7), 770–777 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Gupta and P. R. Kumar, “The capacity of wireless networks,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 46 (2), 388–404 (2000).

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. C. Bettstetter and C. Hartmann, “Connectivity of wireless multihop networks in a shadow fading environment,” Wireless Networks 11, 571–579 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Miorandi, E. Altman, and G. Alfano, “The impact of channel randomness on coverage and connectivity of ad hoc and sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 7 (3), 1062–1072 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. O. Dousse, F. Baccelli, and P. Thiran, “Impact of interferences on connectivity in ad hoc networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 13 (2), 425–436 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. R. K. Crane, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain (Wiley, New York, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Li and J. Huang, “Rain attenuation at millimeter wavelengths,” International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 23 (7), 1119–1126 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. F. Moupfouma, “Electromagnetic waves attenuation due to rain: A prediction model for terrestrial or L.O.S SHF and EHF radio communication links,” Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves 30 (6), 623–633 (2009), June.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. A. D. Panagopoulos and J. D. Kanellopoulos, “Statistics of differential rain attenuation on converging terrestrial propagation paths,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 51 (9), 2514–2517 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A. D. Panagopoulos and J. D. Kanellopoulos, “Differential rain attenuation statistics on two converging point-to-point terrestrial links located in a tropical climatic region,” Annals of Telecommunications 58 (3–4), 673–677 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  16. ITU-R Recommendation P. 837-5, “Characteristics of precipitation for propagation modeling,” Propagation in Non-Ionized Media (Geneva, 2007).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Athanasios D. Panagopoulos.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pitsiladis, G.T., Panagopoulos, A.D. & Constantinou, P. Multi-Hop Wireless Backhaul Networks above 10 GHz: Connectivity and Critical Density Evaluation. J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves 31, 329–340 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-009-9594-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-009-9594-3

Keywords

Navigation