Skip to main content
Log in

On the Edge of Improvement: Rathlin Island and the Modern World

  • Published:
International Journal of Historical Archaeology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper focuses on the archaeology of an island off the north coast of Ireland as a case study of the processes affecting rural life in the country in the Age of Improvement. The nature of changes to management of the landscape and architectural modes is discussed and an attempt is made to identify the agents of reform. The response and negotiation of the islanders to emergent commercialisation is discerned by changes to traditional houses and the material emerging from recent excavation work.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aalen FHA (1966) The evolution of the traditional house in western Ireland. J R Soc Antiq Irel 96(1):47–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Aalen FHA (1997) Buildings. In: Aalen FHA, Whelan K, Stout M (eds) Atlas of the rural Irish landscape. Cork University Press, Cork, pp 145–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard TC (1982) Sir William Petty as Kerry ironmaster. Proc R Ir Acad 82:1–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard TC (1995) Improving clergymen 1660–1760. In: Ford A, McGuire J, Milne K (eds) As by Law established. The Church of Ireland since the reformation. Lilliput, Dublin, pp 136–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaudry MC, Cook LJ, Mrozowski SA (1991) Artifacts and active voices: material culture as social discourse. In: McGuire RH, Paynter R (eds) The archaeology of inequality. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 150–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfast News-Letter (1797) 21 April

  • Bell J, Watson M (1986) Irish farming: implements and techniques 1750–1900. John Donald, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Brannon NF (1983) Three bed-outshot houses in Castletown townland County Tyrone. Ulster Folklife 29:29–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett CEB (1974) Historic buildings, groups of buildings, areas of architectural importance in the Island of Rathlin. Ulster Architectural Heritage Society, Belfast

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett CEB (1996) Buildings of County Antrim. Ulster Architectural Heritage Society and Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan RH (1973) Field systems of Ireland. In: Baker ARH, Butlin RA (eds) Studies of field systems in the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 580–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Busteed M (2001) Sir James Caldwell c.1720–84: an Anglo-Irish landlord in an Age of Improvement. Ir Stud Rev 9:317–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll-Burke P (2002) Material designs: engineering cultures and engineering sates—Ireland 1650–1900. Theory Soc 31:75–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford WH, Trainor B (1978) Aspects of Irish social history 1750–1800. Her Majestys Stationary Office, Belfast

    Google Scholar 

  • Crone JS (1906) Inquisition at Carrickfergus in 1603. Ulst J Archaeol 12(3):166–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen LM (1990) Catholic social classes under the penal laws. In: Power TP, Whelan K (eds) Endurance and emergence. Catholics in Ireland in the eighteenth century. Irish Academic Press, Dublin, pp 57–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalglish C (2003) Rural society in the age of reason: an archaeology of the emergence of modern life in the southern Scottish highlands. Kluwer Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Day A, McWilliams P, Dobson N (1994) Ordnance Survey memoirs of Ireland.Parishes of County Antrim IX, North Antrim coast, and Rathlin. vol. 24. Institute of Irish Studies, Queens University Belfast, and the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin

  • Deetz J (1977) In small things forgotten: an archaeology of early American life. Anchor Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Devon Commission (1847) Digest of evidence taken before Her Majesty’s Commissioners of inquiry into the state of the law and practice in respect to the occupation of land in Ireland. A. Thom, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson D (1987) New foundations: Ireland 1660–1800. Helicon, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Drayton R (2000) Nature’s government: science, imperial Britain, and the “improvement”of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans EE (1972) Irish folkways. Routledge and Keegan Paul, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans EE (1973) Traditional houses of Rathlin Island. Ulster Folklife 19:13–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Feehan J (2003) Farming in Ireland: history, heritage and environment. University College Dublin, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe W (2006a) Improving insularity: an archaeology of the islands off the north coastof Ireland in the Later Historic Period, 1700–1847, Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Ulster

  • Forsythe W (2006b) The archaeology of the kelp industry in northern Irish islands. Int J Naut Archaeol 35(2):218–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe W, McConkey R (2007) At the crossroads: the archaeology of Rathlin Island. In: Noble, G Raven, J Poller T, Verrill L (eds) Scottish Odysseys:Archaeology of Islands, Tempus, Stroud (in press)

  • Gage C (1995) A history of the island of Rathlin Island. J. Margaret Dickson, Coleraine

    Google Scholar 

  • Gailey A (1984) Rural houses of the north of Ireland. John Donald, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Gailey A (1987) Changes in Irish rural housing, 1600–1900. In: O’Flanagan P, Ferguson, P, Whelan K (eds) Rural Ireland 1600–1900: modernisation and change, Cork University Press, Cork, pp 86–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill C (1964) The rise of the Irish linen industry. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall M (1992) Small things and the mobile, conflictual fusion of power, fear, and desire. In: Yentsch AE, Beaudry MC (eds) The art and mystery of historical archaeology: Essays in honor of James Deetz. CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 373–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton W (1839) Letters concerning the northern coast of the county of Antrim; containing observations on the antiquities, manners and customs of that country. Samuel Hart, Coleraine

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna LW (1961) Rathlin Island, the economic units in relation to the physical environment, Unpublished Master’s thesis, Queens University Belfast

  • Hill G (1971) Facts from Gweedore. Institute of Irish Studies, Queens University Belfast

  • Hudson K (1972) Building materials. Longman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton AW (1892) Arthur Young’s Tour in Ireland (1776–1779), 2 vols. George Bell, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MH (1996) An archaeology of capitalism. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MH (1997) Rethinking houses, rethinking transitions: of vernacular architecture, ordinary people and everyday culture. In: Gaimster D, Stamper P (eds) The age of transition: the archaeology of English culture 1400–1600. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp 145–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Leerssen J (1995) Wildness, wilderness, and Ireland: medieval and early-modern patterns in the demarcation of civility. J Hist Ideas 56(1):25–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leone M, Potter PB (1999) Historical archaeologies of capitalism. Kluwer Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis S (1837) A topographical dictionary of Ireland, vol. 2. Lewis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Livesey J (2004) The Dublin Society in eighteenth-century Irish political thought. Hist J 47(3):615–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLoingsigh P (1948) Rural villages and the rundale system. J Donegal Hist Soc 1(2):115–117

    Google Scholar 

  • MacSuibhne B (1995) Agrarian improvement and social unrest: Lord George Hill and the Gaoth Dobhair sheep war. In: Nolan W, Ronayne L, Dunlevy M (eds) Donegal History and Society. Geography, Dublin, pp 547–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall JD (1836) Notes on the statistics and natural history of the Island of Rathlin. P. Dixson Hardy, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • McCahan R (1988) History of Rathlin Island. The Glens of Antrim Historical Society, Coleraine

  • McCourt D (1954) Infield and outfield in Ireland. Econ Hist Rev 11:369–376

    Google Scholar 

  • McCourt D (1973) Innovation diffusion in Ireland: an historical case study. Proc R Ir Acad 73(1):1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MJ (1987) Rathlin: island of blood and enchantment. Dundalgan, Dundalk

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Danachair C (1946) Hearth and chimney in the Irish house. Béaloideas 16:91–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Danachair C (1959) Some distribution patterns in Irish folk life. Béaloideas 25:108–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Danachair C (1962) Change in the Irish Landscape. Ulster Folklife 8:65–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Danachair C (1964) The combined byre-and-dwelling in Ireland. Folk Life 2:58–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Danachair C (1981) Farmyard forms and their distribution in Ireland. Ulster Folklife 27:63–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Gráda C (1994) Ireland a new economic history 1780–1939. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Orser CE Jr (1996) A historical archaeology of the modern world. Plenum, NewYork

    Google Scholar 

  • Orser CE Jr (1997) Archaeology and nineteenth-century rural life in county Roscommon. Archaeol Irel 11(1):14–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Orser CE Jr (2005) Symbolic violence, resistance and the vectors of improvement in early nineteenth-century Ireland. World Archaeol 37(3):392–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petty W (1691) The political anatomy of Ireland. London

  • Powell MJ (2005) The politics of consumption in eighteenth-century Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire

    Google Scholar 

  • Proudfoot VB (1959) Clachans in Ireland. Gwerin 2(3):110–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Proudfoot LJ (1993) Spatial transformation and social agency: property, society and improvement, c.1700 to c.1900. In: Graham BJ, Proudfoot LJ (eds) An historicalgeography of Ireland. Academic, London, pp 219–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI) (1758) Gage Petition to Irish Parliament. D597/1/18

  • PRONI (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland) (1655–1656) Copies of Petty’s Down Survey Map of Rathlin. D597/1/18

  • PRONI (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland) (1739–1816) Father Webb’s copy of the Record books of Customs service of the Port of Campeltown. T/3082/7

  • PRONI (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland) (1789–1821) Estate book of the Gage family c.1789–1821. D/463

  • Ordinance Survey (1833) 1:10,560 maps Map Sheet 1. County Antrim, Dublin

  • Ordinance Survey (1904) 1:10,560 maps Map Sheet 1. County Antrim, Dublin

  • Russell CW, Prendergast JP (eds) (1872) Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland 1603–1606. Longman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Shopland N (2005) Archaeological finds a guide to identification. Tempus, Gloucestershire

    Google Scholar 

  • Symonds J (1999) Toiling in the vale of tears: everyday life and resistance in South Uist, Outer Hebrides, 1760–1860. Int J Hist Archaeol 3(2):101–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams BB (1988) A late medieval rural settlement at Craigs, County Antrim. Ulst J Archaeol 51:91–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams BB, Yates MJ (1984) Excavations at Killylane, County Antrim. Ulst J Archaeol 47:63–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood EM (2002) The origin of capitalism: a longer view. Verso, London

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank my colleagues Colin Breen and Rosemary McConkey for help and advice, the Rathlin islanders especially Seamus and Peter McMullan, the Centre for Archaeological Fieldwork (CAF) at Queens University Belfast, and the Environment and Heritage Service (Northern Ireland).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to W. Forsythe.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Forsythe, W. On the Edge of Improvement: Rathlin Island and the Modern World. Int J Histor Archaeol 11, 221–240 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-007-0032-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-007-0032-8

Keywords

Navigation