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Exposure to Sodium Hypochlorite or Cigarette Smoke Induces Lung Injury and Mechanical Impairment in Wistar Rats

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Abstract

Pulmonary irritants, such as cigarette smoke (CS) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), are associated to pulmonary diseases in cleaning workers. We examined whether their association affects lung mechanics and inflammation in Wistar rats. Exposure to these irritants alone induced alterations in the lung mechanics, inflammation, and remodeling. The CS increased airway cell infiltration, acid mucus production, MMP-12 expression, and alveolar enlargement. NaClO increased the number of eosinophils and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with cells expressing IL-13, MMP-12, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and iNOS in addition to increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Co-exposure to both irritants increased epithelial and smooth muscle cell area, acid mucus production, and IL-13 expression in the airways, while it reduced the lung inflammation. In conclusion, the co-exposure of CS with NaClO reduced the pulmonary inflammation, but increased the acidity of mucus, which may protect lungs from more injury. A cross-resistance in people exposed to multiple lung irritants should also be considered.

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Funding

This work was supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (grant numbers 2009/53904–9 and 2018/06088–0), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior — Brasil (CAPES) — Finance Code 001, National Council for Technologic and Scientific Development (CNPq) (grant number 306278/2015–4), Experimental Therapeutic Laboratory I (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, and School of Medicine Foundation (FFM/USP).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo, Isabella Santos de Genaro & Soraia Nogueira Felix

  2. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo, Isabella Santos de Genaro, Francine Maria de Almeida, Soraia Nogueira Felix, Fernanda Magalhães Arantes-Costa, Milton Arruda Martins & Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério

  3. University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo, Marina Ribeiro Cottes Lopes & Thaís Santos Amorim

  4. Laboratory of Studies in Pulmonary Inflammation, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil

    Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo & Carla Máximo Prado

  5. Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, Brazil University, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Rodolfo Paula Vieira

  6. Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil

    Rodolfo Paula Vieira

  7. Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil

    Rodolfo Paula Vieira

  8. School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil

    Rodolfo Paula Vieira

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  1. Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo
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  2. Isabella Santos de Genaro
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  3. Francine Maria de Almeida
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  11. Carla Máximo Prado
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Contributions

B.M.S.R.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing — original draft, visualization. I.S.G.: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing — original draft, visualization. F.M.A.: methodology, investigation, writing — review and editing. S.N.F.: investigation, writing — review and editing. M.R.C.L.: investigation, writing — review and editing. T.S.A.: investigation, writing — review and editing. R.P.V.: methodology, investigation, writing — review and editing. F.M.A.C.: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis. M.A.M.: conceptualization, resources, supervision, funding acquisition. I.F.L.C.T.: formal analysis, resources, writing — review and editing, Supervision. C.M.P.: formal analysis, resources, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo.

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This study was submitted and approved by the Review Board for Human and Animal Studies (CEUA) at the University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID) (no. 001/2013) and by Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) no. 2414071117.

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Saraiva-Romanholo, B.M., de Genaro, I.S., de Almeida, F.M. et al. Exposure to Sodium Hypochlorite or Cigarette Smoke Induces Lung Injury and Mechanical Impairment in Wistar Rats. Inflammation 45, 1464–1483 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-022-01625-0

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