Abstract
X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) were used to study the clay fractions of soil profile samples from the quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) plantations at the Salcedo Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation located in the southern Peruvian plateau. The sample extraction was made at 40 cm intervals from 20 cm to 180 cm in depth, and the clay fraction was obtained by the Stokes’ law. In addition, the tests of the physical and chemical properties were included, such as pH, organic matter, and humidity, which present values that increase in relation to the depth from 6.75 to 8.09, 4.31% to 6.25%, and 5.38% to 27.08% respectively, and with class texture of sandy loam (first three) and clay loam (remaining two samples). The XRD results showed the presence of phases such as quartz, montmorillonite, andesine and hematite. The room temperature MS spectra were fitted using four paramagnetic sites, doublets, and one magnetic site, sextet. The hyperfine parameters for the sextet are compatible with hematite. Three of the paramagnetic sites were assigned to montmorillonite, two in the octahedral sites, trans and cis configurations, and one at the edge site. The presence of hematite and montmorillonite were confirmed at low temperature; in addition, a second sextet was observed with hyperfine parameters that were compatible with goethite.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the ASANUM research group of the UNMSM, where part of this work was performed; we would also like to thank the Mössbauer Spectroscopy Laboratory at the CBPF, and the X-Ray Diffraction and Soils Analysis Laboratories at FCF-UNMSM. Likewise, we would like to thank the UNMSM for its support throw the resolution N\(\circ \) 005557-2022-R/UNMSM which approved project N\(\circ \) B22131161. Y.M.A. would also like to thank CONCYTEC/PROCIENCIA for the financial support under contract N\(\circ \) PE501081674-2022.
Funding
Y.M.A. has received funds from the National Program for Scientific Research and Advanced Studies of the Peruvian government (ProCiencia acronym in Spanish) to develop the research work, contract number PE501081674-2022. M.L.C. and J.A.B.C. from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, with project number B22131161. The rest of the authors did not receive any type of funding.
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Appendix A: Mössbauer parameters from samples I100a and I180a
Appendix A: Mössbauer parameters from samples I100a and I180a
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M-Arce, Y., Cerón, M.L., Alzamora, M. et al. Clay fraction characterization of the soil profile of a quinoa plantation by X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Hyperfine Interact 245, 16 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-024-01855-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-024-01855-8