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Mangroves of Malaysia: a comprehensive review on ecosystem functions, services, restorations, and potential threats of climate change

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Abstract

Mangroves stand as unique blue-carbon ecosystems in intertidal tropical and subtropical coastal regions, renowned for their significant contributions to vital ecosystem services like coastal provisions and protection. Mangrove coverage in Malaysia ranks sixth globally, representing nearly 5% of the entire worldwide mangrove ecosystem. Despite the crucial role that mangroves play in Malaysia's ecosystem, a comprehensive review of their status, structures, functions, services, and restoration efforts, as well as their vulnerability to changing climates, has been lacking. Our review indicated that sediment carbon stocks in Malaysian mangrove forests span from 0.8 to 352 megagrams of carbon per hectare (hereafter referred to as Mg C ha−1). There has been an increasing research interest in ecosystem services, especially those related to mangrove ecotourism. Natural factors, coastal reclamations, and coastal pollution are considered to be the primary drivers of mangrove ecosystem degradation in Malaysia. Substantial restoration initiatives have been implemented in the country, involving assisted biotic restoration and the transplantation of mangrove seedlings into the restored sites. Mangroves confront impending climate change challenges, which encompass rising sea levels, increasing storms, climate warming, and coastal erosion. This study carries implications for the functioning of coastal ecosystems and provides valuable insights for coastal resource managers.

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© pelago), b bird watching at (© pelago), c recreational fishing in Sabah (©ALTAF ASMAR via fishyology.com), and d Mangrove Forest Canoeing—Limpaki Wetland (© tripadvisor)

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© Shahbat Alam, Malaysia), c volunteer working for mangrove plantations (© Shahbat Alam, Malaysia), and d planting of mangrove saplings in 2015 at Kampung Pampang Baru (© New Straits Times)

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. More detailed data can be provided upon request to the corresponding author.

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Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

We extend our gratitude to the handling editor, Prof. Dr. Iacopo Bertocci, as well as the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments, which have served to stimulate significant enhancements in the manuscript. The authors acknowledge the lab staff and the Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia, for their logistical and technical support.

Funding

The Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia provided funding for the Grant (FRGS/1/2020/WAB05/UMT/02/3).

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  1. Co-first author: both Mohammad Ahsanul Islam and Md Masum Billah have made equal contributions to this manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Mohammad Ahsanul Islam, Mohd Hanafi Idris & Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal

  2. Department of Oceanography, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Ahsanul Islam

  3. Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science-CIRSA, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy

    Md Masum Billah

  4. University Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real Campus, Avda. República Saharaui S/N, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain

    Md Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan

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Contributions

MAI: Conceptualization and original draft preparation; MMB: Conceptualization, data extractions, original draft preparation, reviewing, editing, and revising; MHI: Funding acquisition; reviewing and editing; MKAB: Designing, conceptualizing, and interpreting all figures, reviewing, revising, and English editing; AHMK: Conceptualization; funding acquisition; supervision and project investigation, reviewing, and editing.

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Correspondence to Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal.

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Islam, M.A., Billah, M.M., Idris, M.H. et al. Mangroves of Malaysia: a comprehensive review on ecosystem functions, services, restorations, and potential threats of climate change. Hydrobiologia 851, 1841–1871 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05431-z

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