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Combining fine-scale telemetry and hydraulic numerical modelling to understand the behavioural tactics and the migration route choice of smolts at a complex hydropower plant

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Abstract

Mitigation measures for downstream migratory Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar L.) at migration barriers usually turn out to be insufficient to enable safe and quick passage, probably due to a lack of knowledge about their behavioural responses. Combining manual 2D tracking with hydrodynamic modelling has been rarely performed but might be useful to highlight environmental factors influencing smolt behavioural tactics and the choice of a migration route. We investigated the smolt downstream migration at a hydropower plant that offers five migration routes, including a Kaplan turbine and a fish-friendly Archimedes screw. Four behavioural tactics were defined to describe the smolt expressed behaviour, which was mainly complex and hesitant. The majority of the smolts approached more than one migration route before crossing the site and the Kaplan turbine turned out to be the most approached route, contrary to the Archimedes screw. Hydrodynamic modelling highlighted that flow velocity and water depth were used as hydraulic cues in the selection of a migration route, as the smolts preferred higher flow velocities and water depths. The comprehension of the factors influencing the research behaviour at hydropower plants may be useful to design attractive mitigation measures and to guide the smolts efficiently towards safe routes.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support for this study was provided by the Public Service of Wallonia,  DNF (Département de la nature et des forêts - Service de la Pêche). Séverine Renardy received a Ph.D. research grant from FNRS-FRIA (Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture) for a project on the smolt downstream migration. We thank Niels Duchesne for authorising access to the hydropower plant during the study and the SPW (Public Service of Wallonia) SETHY for the water discharge data. We thank the team of the CoSMos hatchery of Erezée for the acquisition of Atlantic salmon smolts. We thank the Geomatics unit of ULiege for lending the topographic survey devices.

Funding

Financial support for this study was provided by the Public Service of Wallonia, DNF (Département de la nature et des forêts - Service de la Pêche). Séverine Renardy received a Ph.D. research grant from FNRS-FRIA (Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture) for a project on the smolt downstream migration.

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  1. UR-FOCUS, Management of Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Unit, Laboratory of Fish Demography and Hydroecology (LDPH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Séverine Renardy, Jean-Philippe Benitez, Arnaud Dierckx & Michaël Ovidio

  2. UR-UEE, Laboratory of Hydraulics in Environmental and Civil Engineering (HECE), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Utashi D. Ciraane, Pierre Archambeau, Michel Pirotton & Sébastien Erpicum

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  1. Séverine Renardy
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Contributions

Writing of the paper: SR, UDC and MO. Conceived and designed the investigation: SR, JPB and MO. Performed field and/or laboratory work: SR, JPB, AD, PA, SE and MO. Analysed the data: SR, UDC, MO, SE and JPB. Contributed materials, reagents and/or analysis tools: MO, PA and SE. Paper proofreading: JPB, MO, SE and MP.

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Correspondence to Séverine Renardy.

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Renardy, S., Ciraane, U.D., Benitez, JP. et al. Combining fine-scale telemetry and hydraulic numerical modelling to understand the behavioural tactics and the migration route choice of smolts at a complex hydropower plant. Hydrobiologia 850, 3091–3111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05237-z

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