Abstract
The advance of deforestation impacts freshwater ecosystems and, consequently, the environmental heterogeneity and associated biodiversity. Our objective was to examine the effect of deforestation on environmental heterogeneity (EH), species richness (SR), and functional richness (FRic) and the role of EH in the abundance of species and functional groups of stream fish. We analyzed 71 streams of the Acará-Capim basin, eastern Amazon. We used path analysis to assess whether land-use types influence the predominant vegetation cover and channel characteristics, and their indirect effect on EH, SR, and FRic. Taxa indicator threshold analysis was used to assess whether fish species and functional groups act as bioindicators of EH and percentage of forest in total catchment (PFTC). The higher percentage of secondary forest in total catchment (PSFTC) favored herbaceous understory plants and SR. The largest amount of sediments and higher PSFTC negatively influenced EH. FRic was not influenced by any of the variables. Species with high swimming ability that belong to the trophic guilds piscivores and invertivores, are associated with high values of EH and PFTC. Our results may be useful for riparian forest restoration projects, as we show which variables increase or decrease EH and demonstrate how bioindicators respond to this.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the supplementary material. Additional information may be acquired from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Agra, J., R. Ligeiro, J. Heino, D. R. Macedo, D. M. P. Castro, M. S. Linares & M. Callisto, 2021. Anthropogenic disturbances alter the relationships between environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity of stream insects. Ecological Indicators 121: 107079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107079.
Alves, L. F. & J. P. Metzger, 2006. A regeneração florestal em áreas de floresta secundária na Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande, Cotia SP. Biota Neotropica 6: bn00406022006. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006000200005.
Anjos, M. B., 2005. Estrutura de comunidades de peixes de igarapés de terra firme na Amazônia Central: composição, distribuição e características tróficas. MSc Thesis, Federal University of Amazonas.
Baker, M. E. & R. S. King, 2010. A new method for detecting and interpreting biodiversity and ecological community thresholds. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1: 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00007.x.
Ben-Hur, E. & R. Kadmon, 2020. Heterogeneity–diversity relationships in sessile organisms: a unified framework. Ecology Letters 23: 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13418.
Bertoni, J. & F. Lombardi Neto, 1999. Conservação do Solo, 4th ed. Ícone, São Paulo: 355.
Bispo, P. C., M. Pardini, K. P. Papathanassiou, F. Kugler, H. Balzter, D. Rains, J. R. Santos, I. G. Rizaevg, K. Tanseya, M. N. Santos & L. S. Araujo, 2019. Mapping forest successional stages in the Brazilian Amazon using forest heights derived from TanDEM-X SAR interferometry. Remote Sensing of Environment 232: 111194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.013.
Bleich, M. E., A. F. Mortati, T. André & M. T. F. Piedade, 2014. Riparian deforestation affects the structural dynamics of headwater streams in Southern Brazilian Amazonia. Tropical Conservation Science 7: 657–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291400700406.
Borcard, D., F. Gillet & P. Legendre, 2011. Numerical Ecology with R, Springer, New York:, 306.
Brazil, 2012. Lei No 12.651 de 12 de maio de 2012. [available on internet at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12651.htm].
Brejão, G. L., D. J. Hoeinghaus, M. A. Pérez-Mayorga, S. F. B. Ferraz & L. Casatti, 2018. Threshold responses of Amazonian stream fishes to timing and extent of deforestation. Conservation Biology 32: 860–871. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13061.
Britski, H. A., K. Z. S. Silimon & B. S. Lopes, 2007. Peixes do Pantanal: manual de identificação, EMBRAPA- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brasília:, 184.
Burcher, C. L., M. E. McTammany, E. F. Benfield & G. S. Helfman, 2008. Fish assemblage responses to forest cover. Environmental Management 41: 336–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00267-007-9049-3.
Callisto, M., C. B. M. Alves, J. M. Lopes & M. A. Castro, 2014. Condições ecológicas em bacias hidrográficas de empreendimentos hidrelétricos, CEMIG - Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte:, 264.
Cantanhêde, L. G., A. Luiza-Andrade, H. Leão & L. F. A. Montag, 2021. How does conversion from forest to pasture affect the taxonomic and functional structure of the fish assemblages in Amazonian streams? Ecology of Freshwater Fish 30: 334–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12589.
Carvalho, R. A. & F. L. Tejerina-Garro, 2015. The influence of environmental variables on the functional structure of headwater stream fish assemblages: a study of two tropical basins in Central Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 13: 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130148.
Casatti, L. & R. M. C. Castro, 2006. Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 4: 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0212-4.
Casatti, L., F. B. Teresa, T. Gonçalves-Souza, E. Bessa, A. R. Manzotti, C. S. Gonçalves & J. O. Zeni, 2012. From forests to cattail: how does the riparian zone influence stream fish? Neotropical Ichthyology 10: 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012000100020.
Castro, M. N., R. M. Castro & P. C. Souza, 2013. A importância da mata ciliar no contexto da conservação do solo. Renefara 4: 230–241.
Chevenet, F., S. Dolédec & D. Chessel, 1994. A fuzzy coding approach for the analysis of long-term ecological data. Freshwater Biology 31: 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb01742.x.
Clements, F. E., 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington:, 512.
Corbi, J. J. & S. Trivinho-Strixino, 2008. Relationship between sugar cane cultivation and stream macroinvertebrate communities. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51: 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132008000400015.
Crampton, W. G. R., C. D. Santana, J. C. Waddell & N. R. Lovejoy, 2016. Phylogenetic systematics, biogeography, and ecology of the electric fish genus brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes). PLoS ONE 11: e0161680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161680.
Daga, V. S., T. M. Gogola, P. V. Sanches, G. Baumgartner, D. Baumgartner, P. A. Piana, E. A. Gubiani & R. L. Delariva, 2009. Fish larvae assemblages in two floodplain lakes with different degrees of connection to the Paraná River, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 7: 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000300010.
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), 2014. ArcGIS 101., Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc, Redlands:
Espírito-Santo, H. M. V., W. E. Magnusson, J. Zuanon, F. P. Mendonça & V. L. Landeiro, 2009. Seasonal variation in the composition of fish assemblages in small Amazonian forest streams: evidence for predictable changes. Freshwater Biology 54: 536–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02129.x.
Espírito-Santo, H. M. V., M. A. Rodrigues & J. Zuanon, 2013. Reproductive strategies of Amazonian stream fishes and their fine-scale use of habitat are ordered along a hydrological gradient. Freshwater Biology 58: 2494–2504. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12225.
Ferreira, M. C., T. O. Begot, B. S. Prudente, L. Juen & L. F. A. Montag, 2018. Effects of oil palm plantations on habitat structure and fish assemblages in Amazon streams. Environmental Biology of Fishes 101: 547–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-018-0716-4.
Fosberg, F. R., 1967. Succesion and condiction of ecossystems. The Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 46: 312–316.
Frainer, A., L. E. Polvi, R. Jansson & B. G. McKie, 2018. Enhanced ecosystem functioning following stream restoration: the roles of habitat heterogeneity and invertebrate species traits. Journal of Applied Ecology 55: 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12932.
Frimpong, E. A., T. M. Sutton, K. J. Lim, P. J. Hrodey, B. A. Engel, T. P. Simon, J. G. Lee & D. C. Le Master, 2005. Determination of optimal riparian forest buffer dimensions for stream biota landscape association models using multimetric and multivariate responses. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-020.
Froese, R. & D. Pauly, 2017. FishBase. [available on internet at: www.fishbase.org].
Gatz-Jr, A. R., 1979. Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany 21: 91–124.
Gery, J., 1977. Characoids of the World, T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City:, 672.
Gosline, W. A., 1971. Functional Morphology and Classification of Teleostean Fishes, University Press of Hawaii, Honolului:, 208.
Gregório, A. M. S. & A. C. Mendes, 2009. Batimetria e sedimentologia da Baía de Guajará, Belém, Estado do Pará Brasil. Amazônia: Ciência e Desenvolvimento 5: 53–72.
Gutierrez, C. Á., J. C. G. Ortega & A. A. Agostinho, 2018. Fish beta diversity responses to environmental heterogeneity and flood pulses are different according to reproductive guild. Neotropical Ichthyology 16: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20180022.
Hammer, O., 2002. Morphometrics – Brief Notes, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Zürich:, 49.
Harding, J. S., E. F. Benfield, P. V. Bolstad, G. S. Helfman & E. B. D. Jones, 1998. Stream biodiversity: the ghost of land use past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 14843–14847. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.25.14843.
Hart, D. D. & R. J. Horwitz, 1991. Habitat diversity and the species-area relationship: alternative models and tests. In Bell, S. S., E. D. McCoy & H. R. Mushinsky (eds), Habitat Structure: The Physical Arrangement of Objects in Space Chapman and Hall, London: 47–65.
Hora, S. L., 1930. Ecology, bionomics and evolution of the torrential fauna, with special reference to the organs of attachment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 218: 171–282. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1930.0005.
Ilha, P., L. Schiesari, F. I. Yanagawa, K. Jankowski & C. A. Navas, 2018. Deforestation and stream warming affect body size of Amazonian fishes. PLoS ONE 13: e0196560. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196560.
Iwata, T., S. Nakano & M. Inoue, 2003. Impacts of past riparian deforestation on stream communities in a tropical rain forest in Borneo published. Ecological Applications 13: 461–473. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0461:IOPRDO]2.0.CO;2.
Kasangaki, A., L. J. Chapman & J. Balirwa, 2008. Land use and the ecology of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of high-altitude rainforest streams in Uganda. Freshwater Biology 53: 681–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01925.x.
Kaufmann, P. R. & J. M. Faustini, 2012. Simple measures of channel habitat complexity predict transient hydraulic storage in streams. Hydrobiologia 685: 69–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0841-y.
Kaufmann, P. R., P. Levine, E. G. Robison, C. Seeliger & D. V. Peck, 1999. Quantifying Physical Habitat in Wadeable Streams, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington:, 130.
Krzeminska, D., T. Kerkhof, K. Skaalsveen & J. Stolte, 2019. Effect of riparian vegetation on stream bank stability in small agricultural catchments. CATENA 172: 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.08.014.
Kullander, S. O., 1986. Cichlid Fishes of the Amazon River Drainage of Peru, 1st ed. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm: 431.
Kwak, T. J., 1988. Lateral movement and use of floodplain habitat by fishes of the Kankakee River, Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 120: 241–249. https://doi.org/10.2307/2425995.
Laliberté, E., P. Legendre & B. Shipley, 2014. FD: measuring functional diversity from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology. [available on internet at: http://www.R-project.org].
Laurance, W. F., G. R. Clements, S. Sloan, C. S. O’Connell, N. D. Mueller, M. Goosem, O. Venter, D. P. Edwards, B. Phalan, A. Balmford, R. Van Der Ree & I. B. Arrea, 2014. A global strategy for road building. Nature 513: 229–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13876.
Leal, C. G., P. S. Pompeu, T. A. Gardner, R. P. Leitão, R. M. Hughes & P. R. Kaufmann, 2016. Multi-scale assessment of human-induced changes to Amazonian instream habitats. Landscape Ecology 31: 1725–1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0358-x.
Leary, S., W. Underwood, R. Anthony & S. Cartner, 2013. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, 2013th ed. American Veterinary Medical Association, Schaumburg: 98.
Lee, P., S. Hanus & B. Grover, 2000. Criteria for estimating old growth in boreal mixedwoods from standard timber inventory data. Forest Ecology and Management 129: 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00165-6.
Lefcheck, J. S., 2016. piecewiseSEM: piecewise structural equation modelling in r for ecology, evolution, and systematics. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7: 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12512.
Leitão, R. P., J. Zuanon, D. Mouillot, C. G. Leal, R. M. Hughes, P. R. Kaufmann, S. Villéger, P. S. Pompeu, D. Kasper, F. R. de Paula, S. F. B. Ferraz & T. A. Gardner, 2018. Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams. Ecography 41: 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02845.
Lorion, C. M. & B. P. Kennedy, 2009. Riparian forest buffers mitigate the effects of deforestation on fish assemblages in tropical headwater streams. Ecological Applications 19: 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0050.1.
Lowe-Mcconnell, R. H., 1999. Estudos ecológicos de comunidades de peixes tropicais, EDUSP - Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo:, 584.
Luiza-Andrade, A., L. S. Brasil, N. L. Benone, Y. Shimano, A. P. J. Farias, L. F. A. Montag, S. Dolédec & L. Juen, 2017. Influence of oil palm monoculture on the taxonomic and functional composition of aquatic insect communities in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Ecological Indicators 82: 478–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.006.
MacArthur, R. H. & J. W. MacArthur, 1961. On bird species diversity. Ecology 42: 594–598. https://doi.org/10.2307/1932254.
Mahon, R., 1984. Divergent structure in fish taxocenes of north temperate streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41: 330–350. https://doi.org/10.1139/f84-037.
Montag, L. F. A., K. O. Winemiller, F. W. Keppeler, H. Leão, N. L. Benone, N. R. Torres, B. S. Prudente, T. O. Begot, L. M. Bower, D. E. Saenz, E. O. Lopez-Delgado, Y. Quintana, D. J. Hoeinghaus & L. Juen, 2019. Land cover, riparian zones and instream habitat influence stream fish assemblages in the eastern Amazon. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 28: 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12455.
Moreira, A. G., 2000. Effects of fire protection on savanna structure in Central Brazil. Journal of Biogeography 278: 1021–1029. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00422.x.
Nagelkerke, K. C. J., J. Verboom, F. V. D. Bosch & K. V. Wolfshaar, 2002. Time lags in metapopulation responses to landscape change. In Gutzwiller, K. J. (ed), Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation Springer, New York: 330–354.
Newbold, T., L. N. Hudson, S. L. L. Hill, S. Contu, I. Lysenko, R. A. Senior, L. Börger, D. J. Bennett, A. Choimes, B. Collen, J. Day, A. Palma, S. Díaz, S. Echeverria-Londoño, M. J. Edgar, A. Feldman, M. Garon, M. L. K. Harrison, T. Alhusseini, D. J. Ingram, Y. Itescu, J. Kattge, V. Kemp, L. Kirkpatrick, M. Kleyer, D. L. P. Correia, C. D. Martin, S. Meiri, M. Novosolov, Y. Pan, H. R. P. Phillips, D. W. Purves, A. Robinson, J. Simpson, S. L. Tuck, E. Weiher, H. J. White, R. M. Ewers, G. M. Mace, J. P. W. Scharlemann & A. Purvis, 2015. Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520: 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14324.
Nonato, F. A. S., T. S. Michelan, P. V. Freitas, C. Maia & L. F. A. Montag, 2021. Heterogeneity of macrophyte banks affects the structure of fish communities in flooded habitats of the Amazon Basin. Aquatic Ecology 55: 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-020-09823-4.
Ohlberger, J., G. Staaks & F. Holker, 2006. Swimming efficiency and the influence of morphology on swimming costs in fishes. Journal of Comparative Physiology b: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 176: 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-005-0024-0.
Ortega, J. C. G., S. M. Thomaz & L. M. Bini, 2018. Experiments reveal that environmental heterogeneity increases species richness, but they are rarely designed to detect the underlying mechanisms. Oecologia 188: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4150-2.
Paula, F. R., P. Gerhard, S. J. Wenger, A. Ferreira, C. A. Vettorazzi & S. F. B. de Ferraz, 2013. Influence of forest cover on in-stream large wood in an agricultural landscape of southeastern Brazil: a multi-scale analysis. Landscape Ecology 28: 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9809-1.
Peck, D. V., J. M. Lazorchak & D. J. Klemm, 2006. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters Western Pilot Study: Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington:, 252.
Peel, M. C., B. L. Finlayson & T. A. McMahon, 2007. Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 1633–1644. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
Prudente, B. S., P. S. Pompeu, L. Juen & L. F. A. Montag, 2017. Effects of reduced-impact logging on physical habitat and fish assemblages in streams of Eastern Amazonia. Freshwater Biology 62: 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12868.
Pusey, B. J., A. H. Arthington, J. R. Bird & P. G. Close, 2001. Reproduction in three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) from rainforest streams in northern Queensland, Australia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 10: 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0633.2001.100202.x.
Pusey, B. J. & A. H. Arthington, 2003. Importance of the riparian zone to the conservation and management of freshwater fish: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research 54: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF02041.
Pyron, M., M. Fincel & M. Dang, 2007. Sexual size dimorphism and ecomorphology of spotfin shiner (cyprinella spiloptera) from the wabash river watershed. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 22: 687–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2007.9664829.
RapidEye, 2015. Satellite imagery product specific cations. [available on internet at: http://geocatalogo.ibama.gov.br/].
R Core Team, 2020. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. [available on internet at: https://www.R-project.org/].
Rasband, W. S., 2006. ImageJ Version 1.48. U. S. National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, USA. [available on internet at: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/].
Ricklefs, R. E. & I. J. Lovette, 1999. The roles of island area per se and habitat diversity in the species–area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups. Journal of Animal Ecology 68: 1142–1160. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00358.x.
Schneider, K. N. & K. O. Winemiller, 2008. Structural complexity of woody debris patches influences fish and macroinvertebrate species richness in a temperate floodplainriver system. Hydrobiologia 610: 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9438-5.
Scott, M. T. & L. A. Nielsen, 1989. Young fish distribution in backwaters and main-channel borders of the Kanawha River, West Virginia. Journal of Fish Biology 35: 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1095-8649.1989.TB03042.X.
Secco, R. T., L. A. Acra & M. Coraiola, 2019. Regeneração natural em área de corte raso de Pinus taeda L. Ciência Florestal 29: 208–2020. https://doi.org/10.5902/198050987521.
Shipley, B., 2000. A new inferential test for path models based on directed acyclic graphs. Structural Equation Modeling 7: 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0702_4.
Shipley, B., 2013. The AIC model selection method applied to path analytic models compared using a d-separation test. Ecology 94: 560–564. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0976.1.
Silva, V. P. R., M. T. Silva & E. P. Souza, 2016. Influence of land use change on sediment yield: a case study of the sub-middle of the São Francisco river basin. Journal of the Brazilian Association of Agricultural Engineering 36: 1005–1015. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v36n6p1005-1015/2016.
Soares, J. J., M. H. A. O. Souza & M. I. S. Lima, 2006. Twenty years of post-fire plant succession in a “Cerrado”, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 66: 587–602. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000400003.
St. Pierre, J. I. & K. E. Kovalenko, 2014. Effect of habitat complexity attributes on species richness. Ecosphere 5: 22. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00323.1.
Strahler, A. N., 1957. Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 38: 913–920. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR038i006p00913.
Swales, S., A. W. Storey, I. D. Roderick & B. S. Figa, 1999. Fishes of floodplain habitats of the Fly River system, Papua New Guinea, and changes associated with El Nino droughts and algal blooms. Environmental Biology of Fishes 54: 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007474501507.
Uieda, V. S. & R. M. C. Castro, 1999. Coleta e fixação de peixes de riachos. In Caramaschi, E. P., R. Mazzoni & P. R. Peres-Neto (eds), Ecologia de Peixes de Riachos PPGE-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro: 1–22.
Veloso, H. P., A. L. R. Rangel Filho & J. C. A. Lima, 1991. Classificação da Vegetação Brasileira Adaptada a um Sistema Universal, IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Rio de Janeiro:, 124.
Villéger, S., N. W. H. Mason & D. Mouillot, 2008. New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framwork in functional ecology. Ecology 89: 2290–2301. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1206.1.
Watrin, O. S. & A. M. A. Rocha, 1992. Levantamento da Vegetação Natural e do Uso da Terra no Município de Paragominas (PA) utilizando imagens TM/ Landsat, EMBRAPA - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Belém:, 40.
Watson, D. J. & E. K. Balon, 1984. Ecomorphological analysis of fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal of Fish Biology 25: 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04885.x.
Webb, P. W., 1977. Effects of median-fin amputation on fast-start performance of rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri). The Journal of Experimental Biology 68: 123–135.
Webster, J. R., J. B. Wallace & E. F. Benfield, 1995. Organic processes in streams of the eastern United States. In Cushing, C. E., K. W. Cumins & G. W. Minshall (eds), Ecosystems of the World 22: River and Stream Ecosystems Elsevier, Amsterdam: 117–187.
Winemiller, K. O., 1991. Ecomorphological diversification in lowland freshwater fish assemblages from five biotic regions. Ecological Monoghraphs 61: 343–365. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937046.
Yirdaw, E., A. M. Monge, D. Austin & I. Toure, 2019. Recovery of floristic diversity, composition and structure of regrowth forests on fallow lands: implications for conservation and restoration of degraded forest lands in Laos. New Forests 50: 1007–1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-019-09711-2.
Zeug, S. C. & K. O. Winemiller, 2007. Ecological correlates of fish reproductive activity in floodplain rivers: a life-history-based approach. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64: 1291–1301. https://doi.org/10.1139/f07-094.
Zuanon, J., F. P. Mendonça, H. M. V. Espírito-Santo, M. S. Dias, A. V. Galuch & A. Akama, 2015. Guia de peixes da Reserva Adolpho Ducke – Amazônia Central. Editora INPA. Manaus, Brazil: 155. [available on internet at: https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/bitstream/1/4705/1/peixes_reserva_ducke.pdf].
Acknowledgements
Financial and logistical support was provided by Conservation International of Brazil (CI-Brazil), Agropalma Group, Biopalma/Vale, CIKEL Ltda., 33 Forest Capital, and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), through projects Nº 449314 / 2014-2 (CNPq) and 128/2014 (FAPESPA/CNPq). We thank CNPq for the PhD grants to LGC (process 169410/2018-8) and productivity grants to LFAM (process 302406/2019-0). We also thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for the PROCAD/CAPES funding (project No. 88881.068425/2014-01).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material acquisition and data collection were performed by Luciano Fogaça de Assis Montag. Analysis were performed by Lorrane Gabrielle Cantanhêde. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Lorrane Gabrielle Cantanhêde, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Consent to participate
All authors consent to participate in this research.
Consent for publication
All authors consent to publish this research.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Guest editors: Luiz Ubiratan Hepp, Frank Onderi Masese & Franco Teixeira de Mello / Stream Ecology and Environmental Gradients
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Cantanhêde, L.G., de Assis Montag, L.F. Effects of deforestation on environmental heterogeneity and its role in the distribution of fish species and functional groups in Amazonian streams. Hydrobiologia 851, 327–341 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05201-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05201-x