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Recent changes in the distribution and rooting elevation of Schoenoplectus club-rushes in the Scheldt estuary and the consequences for their survival

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Abstract

We aimed to assess the distribution and trends in abundance and rooting elevation in relation to substrate type (soft sediment/riprap) for three Schoenoplectus club-rush species in the Zeeschelde estuary (Belgium). Surveys took place in 1995, 2003 and 2013, following dike fortifications for the SIGMA flood control plan. Compared to 1995 club-rush tufts are now positioned lower in the tidal frame, especially their upper margin. Club-rush cover decreased by 50% in the last time interval. This is linked to marsh succession after a vegetation set-back by SIGMA works and increasing competition with Phragmites and Salix. The lower margin of club-rushes shifted downwards on riprap, but not on soft sediment. This substrate-dependent rooting elevation reach likely indicates that substrate stability can be an important factor for club-rush persistence and growth on the lower marsh margin. This emerged only recently probably because tufts needed time to expand after the SIGMA works and because of the improved water quality. Currently, Schoenoplectus club-rushes on soft sediment in the Zeeschelde suffer from the lack of suitable areas with cyclic natural morphodynamics that maintain pioneer habitat. To maintain club-rush diversity we suggest to manage threatened club-rush populations or to translocate them to newly created restoration sites.

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Data availability

All datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We like to thank the Benthos Boys field work team; Dimitri Buerms, Joram De Beukelaer, Frederic Van Lierop and Thomas Terrie for executing most of the field work together with RE.

Funding

The research was partially funded by the Maritime Access Division of the Flemish administration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Havenlaan 88, Bus 73, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Ruben Elsen, Frank Van de Meutter, Merlijn Jocqué, Joost Vanoverbeke, Bart Vandevoorde, Erika Van den Bergh, Gunther Van Ryckegem, Maurice Hoffmann & Alexander Van Braeckel

  2. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Wouter Dekoninck

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  1. Ruben Elsen
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Contributions

RE, VRG, VJ, VB, VdBE and AVB contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by DW, RE, VdMF and VJ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by VdMF and JM and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Frank Van de Meutter.

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Elsen, R., Van de Meutter, F., Jocqué, M. et al. Recent changes in the distribution and rooting elevation of Schoenoplectus club-rushes in the Scheldt estuary and the consequences for their survival. Hydrobiologia 850, 3907–3918 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-05104-3

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