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Historical processes explain fish diversity in the upper Amazon River basin

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Abstract

Despite decades of investigation, there are few ecological studies on the Amazonian fish fauna that have looked both at the main factors shaping the fish assemblages at a regional scale and used environmental, spatial and historical approaches simultaneously. The current study aimed to measure the relative influence of environmental aspects, spatial distance and historical processes on fish genera assemblages in the upper Amazon basin (Peru and Ecuador). Climate, slope and elevation were used as environmental variables; watercourse was used to represent the spatial distance between sites and phylogenetic relationships were used as a proxy for historical processes. A partial Redundancy Analysis (pRDA) was used to compute the influence of each group of factors (environment, space and historical processes) on the fish genera assemblage. Our analysis indicated historical processes had the greatest influence on fish genera assemblages, followed by spatial distance and environment. Such patterns are most likely due to the extinction processes caused by environmental filters generated by the Andean orogeny and possible speciation in each sub-basin. The results suggest that the use of phylogeny, in addition to environment and space, provides a useful tool with which to assess the drivers responsible for fish assemblages at a regional scale.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

The link of the code used in R for this study is available on Online Resource 1.1.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Nigel Pitman, Corine Vriesendorp, Lesley de Souza, Donald Taphorn from the Field Museum and Hernán Ortega from the Ichthyological Department from the Museum of Natural History from the San Marcos University that allowed the use of their fish database. We greatly appreciate the anonymous reviewers and the Editor for their suggestions that substantially improve this study.

Funding

OLB was funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). JP was individually funded by a productivity grant from Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—CNPq (Proc. 307002/2019-5).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Fernando Corrêa Avenue, Nº 2367 - Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, CEP 78060-900, Brazil

    Omar Loyola-Bartra

  2. Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

    Victor Lemes Landeiro & Jerry Penha

  3. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil

    Renato B. Dala-Corte

  4. Departamento de Ictiología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

    Max Hidalgo

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  1. Omar Loyola-Bartra
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  2. Victor Lemes Landeiro
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  3. Renato B. Dala-Corte
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  4. Max Hidalgo
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  5. Jerry Penha
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Contributions

OLB, VLL and JP conceived the ideas. OLB and MH collected the data sets of several fieldworks with additional collaborators. OLB and VLL analyzed the data; OLB led the writing with assistance from RBDC, MH, VLL and JP. OLB, VLL and RBDC designed the figures.

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Correspondence to Omar Loyola-Bartra.

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Loyola-Bartra, O., Landeiro, V.L., Dala-Corte, R.B. et al. Historical processes explain fish diversity in the upper Amazon River basin. Hydrobiologia 849, 3449–3462 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04895-9

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