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Beak development of early squid paralarvae (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea) may reflect an adaptation to a specialized feeding mode

  • CEPHALOPOD BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
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Abstract

Morphological and morphometric development of the upper jaw (UJ) and lower jaw (LJ) and arm crown of Chiroteuthis cf. veranyi, Liocranchia reinhardti (oceanic species), and Doryteuthis opalescens (neritic species) paralarvae were analyzed in order to verify whether or not they are determined by developmental modes. Jaw measurements were taken, correlated with mantle length (ML) by multiple linear regression to determine relative influences on growth, and compared between species by ANOVA to identify differences. Development was expected to be similar between oceanic species, but was morphologically similar between L. reinhardti and D. opalescens, and morphometrically similar between the latter and C. cf. veranyi. UJ and LJ measurements with highest correlation with ML are larger in L. reinhardti, indicating greater beak development in this species. Rostrum robustness is higher in L. reinhardti, intermediate in D. opalescens, and lower in C. cf. veranyi, hinting at the respective prey type. Teeth (LJ) and slit, characteristics of ancestral cephalopods, are present, disappearing completely and partially on the largest specimens of L. reinhardti and D. opalescens, respectively, and remaining in all sizes of C. cf. veranyi. The results suggest that their presence in early paralarvae reflects an adaptation to sucking the pre-digested internal fluids of prey.

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Acknowledgments

We kindly thank Dr. Maurício Garcia de Camargo for providing advice on statistical analyses, Dr. Manuel Haimovici for providing some of the paralarvae used in this study, and two anonymous reviewers for very thorough corrections and useful suggestions. This work was conducted in partial fulfillment of a M.Sc. degree by RMF-S, who was supported by a graduate scholarship from the Brazilian “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” (CAPES). EAGV was supported by the Brazilian National Research Council-CNPq (Pro 307204/2011-1).

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical standards

The experiments described in the present study comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Cephalopod Culture and Experimental Ecology, Center for Marine Studies, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av. Beira Mar, s/n, Caixa Postal 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83.255-976, Brazil

    R. M. Franco-Santos & E. A. G. Vidal

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  1. R. M. Franco-Santos
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  2. E. A. G. Vidal
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Correspondence to R. M. Franco-Santos.

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Guest editors: Erica A. G. Vidal, Mike Vecchione & Sigurd von Boletzky / Cephalopod Life History, Ecology and Evolution

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Franco-Santos, R.M., Vidal, E.A.G. Beak development of early squid paralarvae (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea) may reflect an adaptation to a specialized feeding mode. Hydrobiologia 725, 85–103 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1715-2

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