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Transition from shallow lake to a wetland: a multi-proxy case study in Zalavári Pond, Lake Balaton, Hungary

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Abstract

Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, has no natural outlet, therefore, underwent water level changes during its 15,000–17,000 years of history. The lake is very sensitive to both climate changes and human impacts. Surroundings have been inhabited since the Stone Age; however, heavy human impact can be recognized during the past 6000 years. In this study, we established three different stages for and reconstructed water level changes of Lake Balaton by geochemical data, subfossil Cladocera and diatom remains in the sediments of the Zalavári Pond, a part of the Kis-Balaton wetland. In 9900–8600 cal. year BP, climate was dry, water level was low, and there was a wetland in this area. Although organic matter content was low in the sediment, the ratio of Fe/Mn was high. Between 5600 and 5000 cal. year BP, water level increased, Fe/Mn ratio shows that oxygen conditions of sediments was improved in agreement with the relatively low number of diatom remains and dense chydorid remains. About 5000 cal. year BP, water level of Lake Balaton decreased as indicated by high organic content with low carbonate and high Fe/Mn ratio in the sediments (oxygen depletion). At the bottom of this section, high Fe and S concentrations showed accumulation of pyrite (FeS2) that is common in wetlands with very low redox potential. Low abundance of Cladocera remains together with rich and diverse diatom flora confirm the low water level hypothesis. Our data support that the water level of Lake Balaton was higher between 8600 and 5000 cal. year BP than it is at present.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank their colleagues from Laboratory of West-Transdanubian District Water Authority for their help with data collection and collaboration. We would like to express our special thanks for Kaarina Sarmaja-Korjonen for her valuable comment. This study was financially supported by Hungarian National Science Foundation, OTKA-T 049098 and Hungarian National Research and Development Program BALÖKO 3B022/04.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. West-Transdanubian District Water Authority, Csik F. str. 4, 8360, Keszthely, Hungary

    János Korponai

  2. Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, University of West Hungary, Szombathely, Hungary

    János Korponai

  3. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary

    Mihály Braun

  4. Department of Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087, Budapest, Hungary

    Krisztina Buczkó

  5. Department of Applied Ecology, University of Debrecen, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary

    István Gyulai

  6. Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1088, Budapest, Hungary

    László Forró & Judit Nédli

  7. Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary

    István Papp

Authors
  1. János Korponai
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  2. Mihály Braun
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  3. Krisztina Buczkó
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  4. István Gyulai
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  5. László Forró
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  6. Judit Nédli
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  7. István Papp
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to János Korponai.

Additional information

Handling editor: J. Padisak

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Korponai, J., Braun, M., Buczkó, K. et al. Transition from shallow lake to a wetland: a multi-proxy case study in Zalavári Pond, Lake Balaton, Hungary. Hydrobiologia 641, 225–244 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-0087-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-0087-0

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