Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Designing Biodiversity Management Strategies at the Community Level: Approaches Based on Participatory Action Research

  • Published:
Human Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Through Traditional Plant Knowledge (TPK), the Indigenous communities of the Ecuadorian Andes benefit from the different ecosystem services provided by plants. However, this TPK is endangered for several causes. Thus, we developed a Participatory Action Research (PAR) project in the community of San Ignacio (Ecuadorian Andes) to test whether, through the implementation of the PAR project, it was possible to increase the inhabitants' use of plants. In order to verify if the actions carried out resulted in higher use of the plants, a subsequent survey with information about the taxa employed and their uses was applied to the 22 Family Agricultural Productive Units (FAPUs) that participated in the project and in 21 that did not (control group). In addition, an inventory was conducted in the same FAPUs to determine species richness and abundance. The inhabitants reported 1,266 uses for 118 taxa, which are mainly used for food, medicine, and wind barriers, amongst other uses. The post-control evaluation revealed an increase the inhabitants' use of plants at the FAPU level with an average of 16 to 21 species, especially among medicinal plants and plantings for live fences purpose, showing that the activities carried out in the framework of the project are an interesting starting point for developing future biodiversity management strategies at the community level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The dataset can be consulted at the following address: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/wc3zjthmdp.1. Additional information can also be requested by contacting the corresponding author.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Bacon, C., Mendez, E., Brown, M. (2005). Participatory action research and support for community development and conservation: examples from shade coffee landscapes in Nicaragua and El Salvador. Center for Agroecology and Sustainable food systems. Research Brief 6, 1–12. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qv2r5d8

  • Berkes, F. (2012). Sacred ecology: Traditional ecological knowledge and resource management. Taylor and Francis.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications, 10(5), 1251–1262. https://doi.org/10.2307/2641280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bezner Kerr, R., Kangmennaang, J., Dakishoni, L., Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H., Lupafya, E., Shumba, L., & Luginaah, I. (2019). Participatory agroecological research on climate change adaptation improves smallholder farmer household food security and dietary diversity in Malawi. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 279, 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.04.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briot, J. P., de Irving, M. A., Vasconcelos Filho, J. E., de Mendes Melo, G., Alvarez, I, et al. (2017). Participatory Management of Protected Areas for Biodiversity Conservation and Social Inclusion: Experience of the SimParc Multi-Agent Based Serious Game. In: F.Adamatti, D. F. (Eds.) Multi-Agent Based Simulations Applied to Biological and Environmental Systems, IGI Global, Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics (ACIR) Book Series, Sorbonne. pp.295–332.

  • Bussmann, R. W., & Sharon, D. (2006). Traditional medicinal plant use in Loja province. Southern Ecuador. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed., 2(44), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, C. D., & Oluoch-Kosura, W. (2006). Linking future ecosystem services and future human well-being. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01602-110130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caballero-Serrano, V., McLaren, B., Carrasco, J. C., Alday, J. G., Fiallos, L., Amigo, J., & Onaindia, M. (2019). Traditional ecological knowledge and medicinal plant diversity in Ecuadorian Amazon home gardens. Global Ecology and Conservation, 17, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerón Martínez, C. E. (2006). Plantas medicinales de los Andes ecuatorianos. In M. R. Moraes, B. Øllgaard, L. P. Kvist, F. Borchsenius, & H. Balslev (Eds.), Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales (pp. 285–293). Universidad Mayor de San Andrés.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chettri, N., Thapa, R., & Shakya, B. (2007). Participatory conservation planning in Kangchenjunga transboundary biodiversity conservation landscape. Tropical Ecology, 48(2), 163–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, P. J., Lawless, S., Dyer, M., Morgan, M., Saeni, E., Teioli, H., & Kantor, P. (2016). Understanding adaptive capacity and capacity to innovate in social–ecological systems: Applying a gender lens. Ambio, 43(3), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0831-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colfer, C. J. P., Andriamampandry, E., Asaha, S., Lyimo, E., Martini, E., Pfund, J. L., & Watts, J. (2011). Participatory Action Research for Catalyzing Adaptive Management: Analysis of a “Fits and Starts” Process. Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering, 5, 28–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat (CBD). (1992). Convention on Biological Diversity. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, http://www.biodiv.org. (accesed 5 February 2021).

  • Cradock-Henry, N. A., Blackett, P., Hall, M., Johnstone, P., Teixeira, E., & Wreford, A. (2020). Climate adaptation pathways for agriculture: Insights from a participatory process. Environmental Science & Policy, 107, 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.02.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuéllar-Padilla, M., & Calle-Collado, Á. (2011). Can we find solutions with people? Participatory action research with small organic producers in Andalusia. Journal of Rural Studies, 27, 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.08.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dangles, O., Carpio, F. C., Villares, M., Yumisaca, F., Liger, B., Rebaudo, F., & Silvain, J. F. (2010). Community-Based Participatory Research Helps Farmers and Scientists to Manage Invasive Pests in the Ecuadorian Andes. Ambio, 39, 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0041-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dávila, M., Pomboza, P., Vásquez, C., & Gómez, T. (2016). Etnobotánica de plantas nativas de una comunidad rural de la Sierra, Ecuador: Un análisis cuantitativo. Arnaldoa., 23(1), 219–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Groot, R. S., Wilson, M. A., & Boumans, R. M. J. (2002). A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de la Torre, L, Macía, M. J. (2008). La etnobotánica en el Ecuador. In : de la Torre, L., Navarrete, H. M., Muriel, P., Macía, M. J., Balslev, H. (Eds.). Enciclopedia de las Plantas útiles de Ecuador Herbario QCA& Herbario AAU, Quito & Aarhus, pp. 13–27.

  • de la Torre, L., Muriel, P., & Balslev, H. (2006). Etnobotánica en los Andes del Ecuador. In M. R. Moraes, B. Øllgaard, L. P. Kvist, F. Borchsenius, & H. Balslev (Eds.), Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales (pp. 246–267). Universidad Mayor de San Andrés.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Aguilar, M. J., Konold, W., & Schmitt, C. B. (2017). Community mapping of ecosystem services in tropical rainforest of Ecuador. Ecological Indicators, 73, 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.10.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Reviriego, I., Fernández-Llamazares, A., Salpeteur, M., Howard, P. L., & Reyes-García, V. (2016). Gendered medicinal plant knowledge contributions to adaptive capacity and health sovereignty in Amazonia. Ambio, 45(3), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0826-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahy, F. (2015). Participatory Action Research in Environmental and Ecological Studies. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 535–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.91063-8

  • Folke, C. (2004). Traditional Knowledge in Social–Ecological Systems. Ecology and Society, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01237-090307

  • Friis-Hansen, E., Sthapit, B. (2000). Participatory approaches to the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome, Italy.

  • Gamfeldt, L., Hillebrand, H., & Jonsson, P. R. (2008). Multiple functions increase the importance of biodiversity for overall ecosystem functioning. Ecology, 89(5), 1223–1231. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2091.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Nieto, A. P., Huland, E., Quintas-Soriano, C., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., & Martín-López, B. (2019). Evaluating social learning in participatory mapping of ecosystem services. Ecosystems and People, 15(1), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2019.1667875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GEF. (2017). A New Policy on Gender Equality for the GEF. In 53th GEF Council Meeting. Washington D.C.

  • Geilfus, F. (2002). 80 herramientas para el desarrollo participativo. eighth ed. Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura, San José, Costa Rica.

  • Guzmán-Casado, G. I., López, D., Román, L., & Alonso-Mielgo, A. (2013). Participatory action research in agroecology: Building local organic food networks in Spain. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37(1), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.718997

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzman-Casado, G. I., Alonso-Mielgo, A. (2007). La investigacion participativa en agroecologia: una herramienta para el desarrollo sustentable. Ecosistemas, 16(1): 24:36.

  • Hammer, Ø., Harper, D., Ryan, P. D. (2001). Past: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.12691/aees-3-6-5

  • Hens, L. (2006). Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation and Management in Ghana. Journal of Human Ecology, 20(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2006.11905897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández Maqueda, R., Ballesteros, I., Serrano, B., Yessenia Cabrera, L., Hernández Medina, P., & del Moral, F. (2020). Assessment of the impact of an international multidisciplinary intervention project on sustainability at local level: Case study in a community in the Ecuadorian Andes. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00997-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández Maqueda, R., Ballesteros, I., Serrano, B., Hernández Medina, P., La Calle, J. J., Cazorla, M. J., del Moral, F. (2018). El marco MESMIS aplicado a proyectos de cooperación internacional. Estudio de caso en la comunidad de San Ignacio, en los Andes Ecuatorianos. In: Astier, Arnés E (Eds.). Sostenibilidad en sistemas de manejo de recursos naturales en países andinos. Ed. UNESCO/CIGA_UNAM, Francia and México, pp.151–178.

  • Howard, P. (2003). Women and Plants. Gender relations in biodiversity management and conservation. Zed Press & Palgrave-Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, P. M., León-Yanez, S. (1999). Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 75.

  • Krainer, A., Aguirre, D., Guerra, M., & Meiser, A. (2017). Intercultural higher education and knowledge dialogue: The case of Amawtay Wasi University in Ecuador. Rev. De La Educ. Super., 46(184), 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • León-Yanez, S., Valencia, R., Pitman, N., Endara, L., Ulloa Ulloa, C., & Navarrete, H. (2011). Libro rojo de las plantas endémicas del Ecuador (2nd ed.). Publicaciones del Herbario QCA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1946.tb02295.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Llambí, L. D., Smith, J. K., Pereira, N., Pereira, A. C., Valero, F., Monasterio, M., & Dávila, M. V. (2005). Participatory planning for biodiversity conservation in the High Tropical Andes: Are farmers interested? Mountain Research and Development, 25(3), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0200:PPFBCI]2.0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magurran, A. E. (2004). Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mapfumo, P., Adjei-Nsiah, S., Mtambanengwe, F., Chikowo, R., & Giller, K. E. (2013). Participatory action research (PAR) as an entry point for supporting climate change adaptation by smallholder farmers in Africa. Environment and Behaviour, 5, 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2012.11.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menconi, M. E., Grohmann, D., & Mancinelli, C. (2017). European farmers and participatory rural appraisal: A systematic literature review on experiences to optimize rural development. Land Use Policy, 60, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Méndez, V. E., Bacon, C. M., & Cohen, R. (2013). Agroecology as a transdisciplinary, participatory, and action-oriented approach. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.736926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Méndez, V. E., Bacon, C. M., Olson, M., Morris, K. S. A., & Shattuck, A. K. (2010). Agrobiodiversity and shade coffee smallholder livelihoods: A review and synthesis often years of research in Central America. The Professional Geographer, 62, 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2010.483638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Méndez, V. E., Caswell, M., Gliessman, S. R., & Cohen, R. (2017). Integrating Agroecology and Participatory Action Research (PAR): Lessons from Central America. Sustainability, 9(5), 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millennium Ecosytem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis (1st ed.). Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mijatović, D., Van Oudenhoven, F., Eyzaguirre, P., & Hodgkin, T. (2013). The role of agricultural biodiversity in strengthening resilience to climate change: Towards an analytical framework. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 11(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2012.691221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, H. A., Cropper, A., & Reid, W. (2004). The millennium ecosystem assessment: What is it all about? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19(5), 221–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moraine, M., Melac, P., Ryschawy, J., Duru, M., & Therond, O. (2017). A participatory method for the design and integrated assessment of crop-livestock systems in farmers’ groups. Ecological Indicators, 72, 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, C., Barnaud, C., & Mathevet, R. (2019). Conciliate Agriculture with Landscape and Biodiversity Conservation: A Role-Playing Game to Explore Trade-Offs amongst Ecosystem Services through Social Learning. Sustainability., 11, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, C. E. (2001). Métodos para medir la biodiversidad (Vol. 1)., M&T-Manuales y Tesis SEA, Zaragoza.

  • Moreno, C. E., Calderón-Patrón, J. M., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Barragán, F., Escobar, F., Gómez-Ortiz, Y., Martín Regalado, M., Martínez Falcón, A. P., Martínez Morales, M. A., Mendoza, E., Ortega-Martínez, I. J., Pérez Hernández, C. X., Pineda, E., Pineda- López, R., Rios-Diaz, C. L., Rodríguez, P., Rosas, F., Schondube, J. E., & Zuria, I. (2017). Measuring biodiversity in the Anthropocene: A simple guide to helpful methods. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26, 2993–2998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1401-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neill, D. A., Ulloa Ulloa, C. (2011). Adiciones a la Flora del Ecuador: Segundo Suplemento, 2005–2010. Fundación Jatun Sacha, Quito, Ecuador.

  • Nirmala, G., Rarmana, D. B. V., & Venkateswarlu, B. (2012). Women and scientific livestock management: Improving capabilities through Participatory Action Research in semi arid areas of South Asia. APCBEE Procedia, 4(152), 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.11.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orlando, F., Alali, S., Vaglia, V., Pagliarino, E., Bacenettia, J., & Bocchia, S. (2020). Participatory approach for developing knowledge on organic rice farming: Management strategies and productive performance. Agricultural Systems, 178, 102739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padrão Temudo, M. (2011). Planting Knowledge, Harvesting Agro-Biodiversity: A Case Study of Southern Guinea-Bissau Rice Farming. Human Ecology, 39, 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9404-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paniagua-Zambrana, N. Y., & Bussmann, R. W. (2020). Ethnobotany of the Andes (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, O., & Gentry, A. H. (1993). The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Economic Botany, 47, 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portalanza, D., Barral, M. P., Villa-Cox, G., Ferreira-Estafanous, S., Herrera, P., Durigon, A., & Ferraz, S. (2019). Mapping ecosystem services in a rural landscape dominated by cacao crop: A case study for Los Rios province. Ecuador. Ecol. Indic., 107, 105593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robles Arias, D. M., Cevallos, D., Gaoue, O. G., Fadiman, M. G., & Hindle, T. (2020). Non-random medicinal plants selection in the Kichwa community of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 246, 112220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schröder, C. (2013). El empoderamiento de las mujeres mediante proyectos productivos. Un estudio de caso en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana (Master Thesis). Universidad de Málaga, España.

  • Serrano, B. F., Cabrera, L. Y., Hernández Maqueda, R., Ballesteros, I, del Moral, F. (2020). Estudio de Caso sobre el Empoderamiento con Mujeres en Ecuador: Elementos para una Intervención Socio-Educativa. Revista Internacional De Educación Para La Justicia Social, 9(2): 151–172. https://doi.org/10.15366/riejs2020.9.2.008.

  • Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52, 591–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, S., & Gardner, J. (2006). Local knowledge in community-based approaches to medicinal plant conservation: Lessons from India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soriano, J. J., Carrascosa, M., González, J., García, T., Sanz, I. (2012). Mejora agroecológica participativa (MAP) y biodiversidad agrícola. Aplicación de la investigación-acción participativa al manejo de las variedades tradicionales en Andalucía. Agroecologia. 7(2): 21–30.

  • Stringer, L. C., Scrieciu, S., & Reed, M. S. (2009). Biodiversity, land degradation, and climate change: Participatory planning in Romania. Applied Geography, 29, 77–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, R., & Gavin, M. C. (2016). A Classification of Threats to Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Conservation Responses. Conservation and Society, 14(1), 57–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tropicos.org. (2020). From http://www.tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden.

  • Ulloa Ulloa, C., Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., Beck, S., Belgrano, M. J., Bernal, R., Berry, P. E., Brako, L., Celis, M., Davidse, G., Forzza, R. C., Gradstein, S. R., Hokche, O., León, B., León-Yánez, S., Magill, R. E., Neill, D. A., Nee, M., Raven, P. H., Stimmel, H., … Jørgensen, P. M. (2017). An integrated assessment of the vascular plant species of the Americas. Science, 358, 1614–1617. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao0398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UN. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Res. No: A/RES/70/1.United Nations.

  • UN. (2018). Transform food and agriculture to achievethe SDGs. 20 interconnected actions to guide decision-makers. FAO-United Nations. Roma.

  • UNEP. (2014). Conferencia de las partes en el convenio sobre la diversidad biológica.

  • UNEP. (2016). Global Gender and Environment Outlook.

  • Van Mele, P., & Van Chien, H. (2004). Farmers, Biodiversity and Plant Protection: Developing a Learning Environment for Sustainable Tree Cropping Systems. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 2(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2004.9684568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Oudenhoven, F. J. W., Mijatovic, D., & Eyzaguirre, P. B. (2011). Social-ecological indicators of resilience in agrarian and natural landscapes. Management of Environmental Quality, 22(2), 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777831111113356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vernooy, R., & Song, Y. (2004). New Approaches to Supporting the Agricultural Biodiversity Important for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 2(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2004.9684567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villasante, T. (1998). Cuatro redes para mejor vivir. Volúmenes I y (II). Argentina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villasante, T. R., Montañés, M., & Martí, J. (2000). La Investigación Social Participativa. Construyendo Ciudadanía I.El Viejo Topo.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are deeply grateful to the community of San Ignacio, especially to Leonidas Iza, Leonela Iza, and the Women's Association of San Ignacio, who opened the doors of their community to us. We also want to thank Dr Isabel Ballesteros and Dr David Risco for their kind comments that enriched the final document.

Funding

This work is part of the research project entitled: "Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de empoderamiento socioeconómico de dos comunidades rurales del cantón Latacunga a través de un proceso de IAP y capacitación agroindustrial”, financed by the Agencia Andaluza de Cooperación Internacional (AACID), code 2016DEC003, in collaboration with the University of Almeria (UAL) and the Technical University of Cotopaxi (UTC). The manuscript was written mainly during Rafael Hernández’s research stay at the UAL, thanks to the postdoctoral fellowship funded by the Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP) (Iberoamerican University Association of Postgraduate Studies).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Rafael Hernández Maqueda

    Present address: Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería. Cañada de San Urbano S/N., Almería, Spain

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Av. Simón Rodríguez S/N., Latacunga, Ecuador

    Rafael Hernández Maqueda, Sandra Paste & Chango María del Consuelo

  2. Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain

    Bianca F. Serrano

  3. Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería. Cañada de San Urbano S/N., Almería, Spain

    Fernando del Moral

Authors
  1. Rafael Hernández Maqueda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sandra Paste
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chango María del Consuelo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bianca F. Serrano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fernando del Moral
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RHM, BS, and FdM contributed to the design and conceptualization of the project. SPB and MdCC carried out the work in the community under the supervision of RHM. SPB and MdCC carried out the specimens' collection, handling, and conservation. RHM wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all authors commented on previous versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rafael Hernández Maqueda.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

As indicated in the methodology section, the surveys were designed following the ethical considerations suggested by the International Codes, the Society of Ethnobiology, and the Ecuadorian State's legislation. The collection of specimens was carried out with the authorization no. 04-19-IC-FLO-FLO-DPAC/MA of the Ministry of Environment (MAE) of Ecuador.

Consent to participate

All persons who provided information for this work were duly informed and signed the respective consent form to develop the research.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 47 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hernández Maqueda, R., Paste, S., Chango, M.d. et al. Designing Biodiversity Management Strategies at the Community Level: Approaches Based on Participatory Action Research. Hum Ecol 50, 665–679 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-022-00339-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-022-00339-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation