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Is kola Tree the Enemy of Cocoa? A Critical Analysis of Agroforestry Recommendations Made to Ivorian Cocoa Farmers

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Abstract

Cocoa production in Côte d’Ivoire (40% of the world market) has tripled in the past 35 years even as the country’s forests are depleted. The chocolate industry, concerned about production so concentrated in one country and its dependence on the forest, is trying to convince smallholders to obtain ‘cocoa certification.’ This scheme, while couched in environmental terms, aims to increase cocoa yields and recommends the removal of kola trees from cocoa plots. This advice, ultimately largely ignored by the cocoa farmers, reflects a lack of understanding of farmer practices and kola tree’s economic, social, and cultural role. The chocolate industry reveals its vision for agroforestry as limited to production and demonstrates an unwillingness to participate in the smallholder-driven innovation system that is transforming Ivorian cocoa cultivation.

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Notes

  1. http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/articles/rainforest-alliance-certified-cocoa, retrieved 4 November 2016.

  2. We have played the role of broker for farmer innovation by asking the Coffee and Cocoa Board to withdraw this recommendation to cut down kola trees.

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Funding

This study was funded by AFD/CIRAD (CIRAD/DOEIDOD/ARB/2015-022).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 EVS-CRGA, 18 rue Chevreul, 69007, Lyon, France

    Elsa Sanial

  2. CIRAD c/o Université Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BP 69483 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

    François Ruf

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  1. Elsa Sanial
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  2. François Ruf
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Correspondence to Elsa Sanial.

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Sanial, E., Ruf, F. Is kola Tree the Enemy of Cocoa? A Critical Analysis of Agroforestry Recommendations Made to Ivorian Cocoa Farmers. Hum Ecol 46, 159–170 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018-9975-0

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