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Patient phenotype profiling using echocardiography and natriuretic peptides to personalise heart failure therapy

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Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive condition with a clinical picture resulting from reduced cardiac output (CO) and/or elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures (LVFP). The original Diamond-Forrester classification, based on haemodynamic data reflecting CO and pulmonary congestion, was introduced to grade severity, manage, and risk stratify advanced HF patients, providing evidence that survival progressively worsened for those classified as warm/dry, cold/dry, warm/wet, and cold/wet. Invasive haemodynamic evaluation in critically ill patients has been replaced by non-invasive haemodynamic phenotype profiling using echocardiography. Decreased CO is not infrequent among ambulatory HF patients with reduced ejection fraction, ranging from 23 to 45%. The Diamond-Forrester classification may be used in combination with the evaluation of natriuretic peptides (NPs) in ambulatory HF patients to pursue the goal of early identification of those at high risk of adverse events and personalise therapy to antagonise neurohormonal systems, reduce congestion, and preserve tissue/renal perfusion. The most benefit of the Guideline-directed medical treatment is to be expected in stable patients with the warm/dry profile, who more often respond with LV reverse remodelling, while more selective individualised treatments guided by echocardiography and NPs are necessary for patients with persisting congestion and/or tissue/renal hypoperfusion (cold/dry, warm/wet, and cold/wet phenotypes) to achieve stabilization and to avoid further neurohormonal activation, as a result of inappropriate use of vasodilating or negative chronotropic drugs, thus pursuing the therapeutic objectives. Therefore, tracking the haemodynamic status over time by clinical, imaging, and laboratory indicators helps implement therapy by individualising drug regimens and interventions according to patients' phenotypes even in an ambulatory setting.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Auxologico IRCCS, Centro Medico Sant’Agostino, Via Temperanza, 6, 20127, Milan, Italy

    Frank L. Dini

  2. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Frank L. Dini

  3. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Erberto Carluccio

  4. Cardiology Division, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy

    Stefano Ghio

  5. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Nicola Riccardo Pugliese

  6. Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Giangiacomo Galeotti

  7. Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Policlinico, Riuniti, Foggia, Italy

    Michele Correale

  8. Cardiology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy

    Matteo Beltrami

  9. Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Sciences (CIRCET), Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University, Naples, Italy

    Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti

  10. Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Sciences (CIRCET), Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University, Naples, Italy

    Valentina Mercurio

  11. Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy

    Stefania Paolillo

  12. Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Cardio-thoracic and vascular Department, S. Maria alle Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Alberto Palazzuoli

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Dini, F.L., Carluccio, E., Ghio, S. et al. Patient phenotype profiling using echocardiography and natriuretic peptides to personalise heart failure therapy. Heart Fail Rev 29, 367–378 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-023-10340-3

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