Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Detection of myocardial fibrosis by speckle-tracking echocardiography: from prediction to clinical applications

  • Published:
Heart Failure Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Myocardial fibrosis (MF) represents the underlying pathologic condition of many cardiac disease, leading to cardiac dysfunction and heart failure (HF). Biopsy studies have shown the presence of MF in patients with decompensating HF despite apparently normal cardiac function. In fact, basic indices of left ventricular (LV) function, such as LV ejection fraction (EF), fail to recognize subtle LV dysfunction caused by MF. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is currently recognized as the gold standard imaging investigation for the detection of focal and diffuse cardiac chambers MF; however, its use is limited by its availability and the use of contrast agents, while echocardiography remains the first level cardiac imaging technique due to its low cost, portability and high accessibility. Advanced echocardiographic techniques, above all speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE), have demonstrated reliability for early detection of structural myocardial abnormalities and for the prediction of prognosis in acute and chronic HF. Myocardial strain of both ventricles and also left atrium has been shown to correlate with the degree of MF, providing useful prognostic information in several diseases, such as HF, cardiomyopathies and valvular heart disease. This paper aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of MF and the clinical application of STE for the prediction of left and right heart chambers MF in HF patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Stacey RB, Hundley WG (2021) Integrating measures of myocardial fibrosis in the transition from hypertensive heart disease to heart failure. Curr Hypertens Rep 23(4):22

  2. Mandoli GE, D'Ascenzi F, Vinco G, Benfari G, Ricci F, Focardi F, Cavigli L, Pastore MC, Sisti N, De Vivo O, Santoro C, Mondillo S, Cameli M (2021) Novel approaches in cardiac imaging for non-invasive assessment of left heart myocardial fibrosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 8:614235

  3. Li Y, Liu J, Cao Y, Han X, Shao G, Zhou X, Gu J, Liu T, Cui Y, Shi H (2021) Predictive values of multiple non-invasive markers for myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with preserved ejection fraction. Sci Rep 11(1):4297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, Cooper LT, Deswal A, Fonarow GC, Francis GS, Lenihan D, Lewis EF, McNamara DM et al (2016) Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation 134:e579–e646

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Buss SJ, Breuninger K, Lehrke S, Voss A, Galuschky C, Lossnitzer D et al (2015) Assessment of myocardial deformation with cardiac magnetic resonance strain imaging improves risk stratification in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16:307–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Shan K, Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, Shimoni S, Letsou GV, Reardon MJ, Howell JF, Zoghbi WA, Nagueh SF (2000) Relation of tissue Doppler derived myocardial velocities to myocardial structure and beta-adrenergic receptor density in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 36(3):891–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lisi M, Cameli M, Righini FM, Malandrino A, Tacchini D, Focardi M, Tsioulpas C, Bernazzali S, Tanganelli P, Maccherini M, Mondillo S, Henein MY (2015) RV longitudinal deformation correlates with myocardial fibrosis in patients with end-stage heart failure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(5):514–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cameli M, Lisi M, Righini FM, Massoni A, Natali BM, Focardi M, Tacchini D, Geyer A, Curci V, Di Tommaso C, Lisi G, Maccherini M, Chiavarelli M, Massetti M, Tanganelli P, Mondillo S (2013) Usefulness of atrial deformation analysis to predict left atrial fibrosis and endocardial thickness in patients undergoing mitral valve operations for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol 111(4):595–601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Haland TH, Almaas VM, Hasselberg NE, Saberniak J, Leren IS, Hopp E, Edvardsen T, Haugaa KH (2016) Strain echocardiography is related to fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 17(6):613–621

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Conrad CH, Brooks WW, Hayes JA, Sen S, Robinson KG, Bing OH (1995) Myocardial fibrosis and stiffness with hypertrophy and heart failure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Circulation 91:161–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kass DA, Bronzwaer JGF, Paulus WJ (2004) What mechanisms underlie diastolic dysfunction in heart failure? Circ Res 94:1533–1542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Martos R, Baugh J, Ledwidge M, O’Loughlin C, Conlon C, Patle A, Donnelly SC, McDonald K (2007) Diastolic heart failure: evidence of increased myocardial collagen turnover linked to diastolic dysfunction. Circulation 115:888–95.

  13. Plaksej R, Kosmala W, Frantz S et al (2009) Relation of circulating markers of fibrosis and progression of left and right ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive patients with heart failure. J Hypertens 27(12):2483–2491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gyöngyösi M, Winkler J, Ramos I, Do QT, Firat H, McDonald K, González A, Thum T, Díez J, Jaisser F, Pizard A, Zannad F (2017) Myocardial fibrosis: biomedical research from bench to bedside. Eur J Heart Fail 19(2):177–191

  15. Travers JG, Kamal FA, Robbins J, Yutzey KE, Blaxall BC (2016) Cardiac fibrosis: the fibroblast awakens. Circ Res 118(6):1021–1040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Devereux RB, Casale PN, Hammond IW, Savage DD, Alderman MH, Campo E, Alonso DR, Laragh JH (1987) Echocardiographic detection of pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy: effect of criteria and patient population. J Clin Hypertens 3(1):66–78

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kahan T, Bergfeldt L (2005) Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: its arrhythmogenic potential. Heart 91(2):250–256

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Carabello BA, Paulus WJ (2009) Aortic stenosis. Lancet 373:956–966

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kampaktsis NP, Kokkinidis DG, Wong SC, Vavuranakis M, Skubas NJ, Devereux RB (2017) The role and clinical implications of diastolic dysfunction in aortic stenosis. Heart 103(19):1481–1487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Krayenbuehl HP, Hess OM, Monrad ES, Schneider J, Mall G, Turina M (1989) Left ventricular myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before, intermediate, and late after aortic valve replacement. Circulation 79(4):744–755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zile MR, Tomita M, Nakano K, Mirsky I, Usher B, Lindroth J, Carabello BA (1991) Effects of left ventricular volume overload produced by mitral regurgitation on diastolic function. Am J Physiol 261(5 Pt 2):H1471–H1480

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Song BG, On YK, Jeon ES et al (2010) Atrioverntricular reverse remodeling after valve repair for chronic severe mitral regurgitation: 1-year follow-up. Clin Cardiol 33(10):630–637

  23. Li S, Nguyen NUH, Xiao F et al (2020) Mechanism of eccentric cardiomyocyte hypertrophy secondary to severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation 141(22):1787–1799

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cameli M, Lisi M, Giacomin E et al (2011) Chronic mitral regurgitation: left atrial deformation analysis by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography 28:327–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bonow RO (2014) Left atrial function in mitral regurgitation: guilt by association. JACC Cardiovasc Imagin 7:233–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lisi M, Cameli M, Di Tommaso C, Curci V, Reccia R, D’ascenzi F, Focardi M, Maccherini M, Chiavarelli M, Lisi G, Lindqvist P, Mondillo S, Henein M (2018) Mitral regurgitation severity correlates with symptoms and extent of left atrial dysfunction: effect of mitral valve repair. J Clin Ultrasound 46(1):32–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Weidemann F, Herrmann S, Störk S, Niemann M, Frantz S, Lange V, Beer M, Gattenlöhner S, Voelker W, Ertl G, Strotmann JM (2009) Impact of myocardial fibrosis in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Circulation 120(7):577–84

  28. Herrmann S, Störk S, Niemann M, Lange V, Strotmann JM, Frantz S, Beer M, Gattenlöhner S, Voelker W, Ertl G, Weidemann F (2011) Low-gradient aortic valve stenosis myocardial fibrosis and its influence on function and outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 58(4):402–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee JKT, Franzone A, Lanz J, Siontis GCM, Stortecky S, Gräni C, Roost E, Windecker S, Pilgrim T (2018) Early detection of subclinical myocardial damage in chronic aortic regurgitation and strategies for timely treatment of asymptomatic patients. Circulation 137(2):184–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fielitz J, Hein S, Mitrovic V, Pregla R, Zurbrügg HR, Warnecke C, Schaper J, Fleck E, Regitz-Zagrosek V (2001) Activation of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system and increased myocardial collagen expression in human aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(5):1443–1449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wilhelm M (2014) Atrial fibrillation in endurance athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol

  32. Wilhelm M, Zueger T, De Marchi S, Rimoldi SF, Brugger N, Steiner R, Stettler C, Nuoffer J-M, Seiler C, Ith C (2014) Inflammation and atrial remodeling after a mountain marathon. Scand J Med Sci Sports 24(3):519–25

  33. Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Tian F, Wang B, Xie Y, Sun W, Sun Z, Yang Y, Lv Q, Dong N, Li Y, Xie M (2021) Assessment of myocardial fibrosis using two-dimensional and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in dilated cardiomyopathy with advanced heart failure. J Card Fail 27(6):651–661

  34. Mondillo S, Galderisi M, Mele D, Cameli M, Lomoriello VS, Zacà V, Ballo P, D’Andrea A, Muraru D, Losi M, Agricola E, D’Errico A, Buralli S, Sciomer S, Nistri S, Badano L (2011) Speckle-tracking echocardiography: a new technique for assessing myocardial function. J Ultrasound Med 30(1):71–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cameli M, Righini FM, Lisi M, Mondillo S (2014) Right ventricular strain as a novel approach to analyze right ventricular performance in patients with heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 19(5):603–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cameli M, Lisi M, Righini FM, Mondillo S (2012) Novel echocardiographic techniques to assess left atrial size, anatomy and function. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 1(10):4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Cameli M, Righini M, Lisi M, Bennati E, Navarri R, Lunghetti S, Padeletti M, Cameli P, Tsioulpas C, Bernazzali S, Maccherini M, Sani G, Henein M, Mondillo S (2013) Comparison of right versus left ventricular strain analysis as a predictor of outcome in patients with systolic heart failure referred for heart transplantation. Am J Cardiol 112(11):1778–1784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cho GY, Marwick TH, Kim HS, Kim MK, Hong KS, Oh DJ (2009) Global 2-dimensional strain as a new prognosticator in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(7):618–624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sengeløv M, Jørgensen PG, Jensen JS, Bruun NE, Olsen FJ, Fritz-Hansen T, Nochioka K, Biering-Sørensen T (2015) Global longitudinal strain is a superior predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(12):1351–1359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Cameli M, Mondillo S, Righini FM, Lisi M, Dokollari A, Lindqvist P, Maccherini M, Henein M (2016) Left ventricular deformation and myocardial fibrosis in patients with advanced heart failure requiring transplantation. J Card Fail 22(11):901–907

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fang F, Henein MY, Yu CM et al (2013) Right ventricular long-axis response to different chronic loading conditions: its relevance to clinical symptoms. Int J Cardiol 167:378–382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mauritz GJ, Kind T, Marcus JT et al (2012) Progressive changes in right ventricular geometric shortening and long-term survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 141:935–943

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Munkhammar P, Carlsson M, Arheden H, Pesonen E (2013) Restrictive right ventricular physiologyafter tetralogy of fallot repair is associated with fibrosis of the right ventricular outflow tract visualized on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 14:978–985

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gulati A, Japp AG, Raza S, Halliday BP, Jones DA, Newsome S et al (2018) Absence of myocardial fibrosis predicts favorable long-term survival in new-onset heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 11:e007722

  45. Buckberg GD, Hoffman JI, Coghlan HC, Nanda NC (2015) Ventricularstructure-function relations in health and disease: part I. Thenormal heart Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 47:587–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Tadica M, Pieske-Kraighera E, Cuspidib C et al (2017) Right ventricular strain in heart failure: clinical perspective. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 110:562–571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Venkatachalam S, Wu G, Ahmad M (2017) Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle in the current era: application in clinical practice. Echocardiography 34(12):1930–1947

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Badano LP, Muraru D (2016) Subclinical right ventricular dysfunction by strain analysis. Refining the targets of echocardiographic imaging in systemic sclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 9:e005009

  49. Rain S, Handoko ML, Trip P, Gan CT, Westerhof N, Stienen GJ et al (2013) Right ventricular diastolic impairment in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 128(2016–2025):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  50. Trip P, Rain S, Handoko ML, van der Bruggen C, Bogaard HJ, Marcus JT et al (2015) Clinical relevance of right ventricular diastolic stiffness in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 45:1603–1612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Fine NM, Chen L, Bastiansen PM, Frantz RP, Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Kane GC (2013) Outcome prediction by quantitative right ventricular function assessment in 575 subjects evaluated for pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6:711–721

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Park SJ, Park JH, Lee HS, Kim MS, Park YK, Park Y, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Choi SW, Jeong JO, Kwon IS, Seong IW (2015) Impaired RV global longitudinal strain is associated with poor long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute inferior STEMI. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8:161–169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P et al (2004) Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 351:2481–2488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mukherjee M, Chung SE, Ton VK, Tedford RJ, Hummers LK, Wigley FM, Abraham TP, Shah AA (2016) Unique abnormalities in right ventricular longitudinal strain in systemic sclerosis patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 9:e003792

  55. Gavazzoni M, Badano LP, Vizzardi E, Raddino R, Genovese D, Taramasso M et al (2020) Prognostic value of right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain in a large cohort of outpatients with left-side heart disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 21(9):1013–1021

  56. Motoki H, Borowski AG, Shrestha K, Hu B, Kusunose K, Troughton RW, Tang WHW, Klein AL (2014) Right ventricular global longitudinal strain provides prognostic value incremental to left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27:726–732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bogaard HJ, Voelkel NF (2019) Is myocardial fibrosis impairing right heart function? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 199(12):1458–1459

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Henein MY, Gibson DG (1999) Normal long axis function. Heart 81(2):111–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Jarnert C, Melcher A, Caidahl K, Persson H, Ryde´n L, Eriksson MJ (2008) Left atrial velocity vector imaging for the detection and quantification of left ventricular diastolic function in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Heart Fail 10:1080–7

  60. Mondillo S, Cameli M, Caputo ML, Lisi M, Palmerini E, Padeletti M, Ballo P (2011) Early detection of left atrial strain abnormalities by speckle-tracking in hypertensive and diabetic patients with normal left atrial size. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24(8):898–908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Henein M, Holmgren A, Lindqvist P (2015) Left atrial function in volume versus pressure overloaded left atrium. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(5):959–965

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cameli M, Lisi M, Righini FM, Focardi M, Alfieri O, Mondillo S (2012) Left atrial speckle tracking analysis in patients with mitral insufficiency and history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28(7):1663–1670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lisi M, Ballo P, Cameli M, Gandolfo F, Galderisi M, Chiavarelli M, Henein MY, Mondillo S (2012) Mitral annular longitudinal function preservation after mitral valve repair: the MARTE study. Int J Cardiol 157(2):212–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mandoli GE, Pastore MC, Benfari G, Bisleri G, Maccherini M, Lisi G, Cameli P, Lisi M, Dokollari A, Carrucola C, Vigna M, Montesi G, Valente S, Mondillo S, Cameli M (2021) Left atrial strain as a pre-operative prognostic marker for patients with severe mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol 1(324):139–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Melenovsky V, Hwang SJ, Redfield MM, Zakeri R, Lin G, Borlaug BA (2015) Left atrial remodeling and function in advanced heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 8(2):295–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Cameli M, Lisi M, Reccia R, Bennati E, Malandrino A, Solari M, Bigio E, Biagioli B, Righini FM, Maccherini M, Chiavarelli M, Henein M, Mondillo S (2014) Pre-operative left atrial strain predicts post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 30(2):279–286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Fragão-Marques M, Miranda I, Martins D, Barroso I, Mendes C, Pereira-Neves A, Falcão-Pires I, Leite-Moreira A (2020) Atrial matrix remodeling in atrial fibrillation patients with aortic stenosis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 20(1):468

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Lisi M, Mandoli GE, Cameli M, Pastore MC, Righini FC, Benfari G, Rubboli A, D'Ascenzi F, Focardi M, Tsioulpas C, Bernazzali S, Maccherini M, Lisi E, Lindqvist P, Valente S, Mondillo S, Henein MY (2021) Left atrial strain by speckle tracking predicts atrial fibrosis in patients undergoing heart transplantation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging jeab106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeab106

  69. Babu-Narayan SV, Prati D, Rydman R, Dimopoulos K, Diller GP, Uebing A, Henein MY, Kilner PJ, Gatzoulis MA, Li W (2016) Dyssynchrony and electromechanical delay are associated with focal fibrosis in the systemic right ventricle - insights from echocardiography. Int J Cardiol 1(220):382–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Rönn F, Kesek M, Karp K, Henein M, Jensen SM (2011) Right ventricular lead positioning does not influence the benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Europace 13(12):1747–1752

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cameli M, Lisi M, Focardi M, Reccia R, Natali BM, Sparla S, Mondillo S (2012) Left atrial deformation analysis by speckle tracking echocardiography for prediction of cardiovascular outcomes. Am J Cardiol 110(2):264–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Schelbert EB, Piehler KM, Zareba KM, Moon JC, Ugander M, Messroghli DR, Valeti US, Chang C-C H, Shroff SG, Diez J, Miller CA, Schmitt M, Kellman P, Butler J, Gheorghiade M, Wong TC (2015) Myocardial fibrosis quantified by extracellular volume is associated with subsequent hospitalization for heart failure, death, or both across the spectrum of ejection fraction and heart failure stage. J Am Heart Assoc 4(12):e002613

  73. Haissaguerre M, Hocini M, Denis A, Shah AJ, Komatsu Y, Yamashita S, Daly M, Amraoui S, Zellerhoff S, Picat MQ, Quotb A, Jesel L, Lim H, Ploux S, Bordachar P, Attuel G, Meillet V, Ritter P, Derval N, Sacher F, Bernus O, Cochet H, Jais P, Dubois R (2014) Driver domains in persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 130:530–538

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Cameli M, Mandoli GE, Loiacono F, Sparla S, Iardino E, Mondillo S (2016) Left atrial strain: a useful index in atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 1(220):208–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Tops LF, Delgado V, Bertini M, Marsan NA, Den Uijl DW, Trines SA, Zeppenfeld K, Holman E, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ (2011) Left atrial strain predicts reverse remodeling after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(3):324–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Marrouche NF, Wilber D, Hindricks G, Jais P, Akoum N, Marchlinski F, Kholmovski E, Burgon N, Hu N, Mont L, Deneke T, Duytschaever M, Neumann T, Mansour M, Mahnkopf C, Herweg B, Daoud E, Wissner E, Bansmann P, Brachmann J (2014) Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study. JAMA 311:498–506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Shapiro LM, Moore, Logan-Sinclair RB, Gibson DG (1984) Relation of regional echo amplitude to left ventricular function and the electrocardiogram in left ventricular hypertrophy. Br Heart J 52(1):99–105

  78. Mirza M, Caracciolo G, Khan U et al (2011) Left atrial reservoir function predicts atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation: a two-dimensional speckle strain study. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 31(3):197–206

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Cameli M, Pastore MC, Henein MY, Mondillo S (2019) The left atrium and the right ventricle: two supporting chambers to the failing left ventricle. Heart Fail Rev 24(5):661–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-019-09791-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Matteo Lisi, Matteo Cameli, Giulia Elena Mandoli, Maria Concetta Pastore, Francesca Maria Righini, Flavio D’Ascenzi, Marta Focardi & Sergio Mondillo

  2. Department of Cardiovascular Disease – AUSL Romagna, Division of Cardiology, Ospedale S. Maria Delle Croci, Viale Randi 5, 48121, Ravenna, Italy

    Matteo Lisi & Andrea Rubboli

  3. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University and Heart Centre, Umeå, Sweden

    Matteo Lisi & Michael Y. Henein

  4. University of Eastern Piedmont, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy

    Maria Concetta Pastore

Authors
  1. Matteo Lisi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matteo Cameli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giulia Elena Mandoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maria Concetta Pastore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Francesca Maria Righini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Flavio D’Ascenzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Marta Focardi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Andrea Rubboli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Sergio Mondillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Michael Y. Henein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to this review conception. Dr. Matteo Lisi, Profs. Matteo Cameli, Sergio Mondillo and Michael Y. Henein had the idea for the article, Dr. Matteo Lisi performed the literature search and analysis, and Drs. Matteo Lisi, Giulia Elena Mandoli, Francesca Maria Righini and Maria Concetta Pastore drafted the manuscript. Profs. Matteo Cameli, Sergio Mondillo, Michael Y Henein, Flavio D’Ascenzi and Drs. Marta Focardi and Andrea Rubboli critically revised the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matteo Lisi.

Ethics declarations

Disclosures

Dr. Matteo Lisi, Prof. Matteo Cameli, Dr. Giulia Elena Mandoli, Dr. Maria Concetta Pastore, Dr. Francesca Maria Righini, Prof. Flavio D’Ascenzi, Dr. Marta Focardi, Dr. Andrea Rubboli, Prof. Sergio Mondillo and Prof. Michael Y Henein have nothing to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lisi, M., Cameli, M., Mandoli, G.E. et al. Detection of myocardial fibrosis by speckle-tracking echocardiography: from prediction to clinical applications. Heart Fail Rev 27, 1857–1867 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-022-10214-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-022-10214-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation