Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate immunolocalization of collagenolytic enzymes including cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and 2 in the compressed periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth movement using a periostin deficient (Pn-/-) mouse model. Twelve-week-old male mice homozygous for the disrupted periostin gene and their wild type (WT) littermates were used in these experiments. The tooth movement was performed according to Waldo’s method, in which elastic bands of 0.5 mm thickness were inserted between the first and second upper molars of mice under anesthesia. At 1 and 3 days after orthodontic force application, mice were fixed with transcardial perfusion of 4 % paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and the first molars and peripheral alveolar bones were extracted for histochemical analyses. Compared with WT mice, immunolocalization of cathepsin K, MMP1 and MMP2 was significantly decreased at 1 and 3 days after orthodontic tooth movement in the compressed PDL of Pn-/- mice, although MMP1-reactivity and MMP2-reactivity decreased at different amounts. Very little cathepsin K-immunoreactivity was observed in the assessed regions of Pn-/- mice, both before and after orthodontic force application. Furthermore, Pn-/- mice showed a much wider residual PDL than WT mice. Taken together, we concluded that periostin plays an essential role in the function of collagenolytic enzymes like cathepsin K, MMP1 and MMP2 in the compressed PDL after orthodontic force application.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bonafe-Oliveira L, Faltin RM, Arana-Chavez VE (2003) Ultrastructural and histochemical examination of alveolar bone at the pressure areas of rat molars submitted to continuous orthodontic force. Eur J Oral Sci 111(5):410–416
Brinckerhoff CE, Matrisian LM (2002) Matrix metalloproteinases: a tail of a frog that became a prince. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3(3):207–214
Domon S, Shimokawa H, Matsumoto Y, Yamaguchi S, Soma K (1999) In situ hybridization for matrix metalloproteinase-1 and cathepsin K in rat root-resorbing tissue induced by tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol 44(11):907–915
Heller IJ, Nanda R (1979) Effect of metabolic alteration of periodontal fibers on orthodontic tooth movement. An experimental study. Am J Orthod 75(3):239–258
Horiuchi K, Amizuka N, Takeshita S, Takamatsu H, Katsuura M, Ozawa H, Toyama Y, Bonewald LF, Kudo A (1999) Identification and characterization of a novel protein, periostin, with restricted expression to periosteum and periodontal ligament and increased expression by transforming growth factor beta. J Bone Miner Res 14(7):1239–1249
Jacobs C, Grimm S, Ziebart T, Walter C, Wehrbein H (2013) Osteogenic differentiation of periodontal fibroblasts is dependent on the strength of mechanical strain. Arch Oral Biol 58(7):896–904
Kabasawa M, Ejiri S, Hanada K, Ozawa H (1996) Effect of age on physiologic and mechanically stressed rat alveolar bone: a cytologic and histochemical study. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 11(4):313–327
Kii I, Amizuka N, Li M, Kitajima S, Saga Y, Kudo A (2006) Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein required for eruption of incisors in mice. Biochem Bioph Res Co. 342:766–772
King GJ, Keeling SD (1995) Orthodontic bone remodeling in relation to appliance decay. Angle Orthod 65(2):129–140
Kook SH, Jang YS, Lee JC (2011) Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts stimulate osteoclastogenesis in response to compression force through TNF-α-mediated activation of CD4+ T cells. J Cell Biochem 112(10):2891–2901
Lisboa RA, Lisboa FA, de Castro SG, Andrade MV, Cunha-Melo JR (2009) Matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity decreases in human periodontal ligament fibroblast cultures submitted to simulated orthodontic force. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 45(10):614–621
Ohba Y, Ohba T, Terai K, Moriyama K (2000) Expression of cathepsin K mRNA during experimental tooth movement in rat as revealed by in situ hybridization. Arch Oral Biol 45(1):63–69
Rydlova M, Holubec L Jr, Ludvikova M Jr, Kalfert D, Franekova J, Povysil C, Ludvikova M (2008) Biological activity and clinical implications of the matrix metalloproteinases. Anticancer Res 28(2B):1389–1397
Shimazaki M, Nakamura K, Kii I, Kashima T, Amizuka N, Li M, Saito M, Fukuda K, Nishiyama T, Kitajima S, Saga Y, Fukayama M, Sata M, Kudo A (2008) Periostin is essential for cardiac healing after acute myocardial infarction. J Exp Med 205(2):295–303
Sternlicht MD, Werb Z (2001) How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 17:463–516
Suzuki H, Amizuka N, Kii I, Kawano Y, Nozawa-Inoue K, Suzuki A, Yoshie H, Kudo A, Maeda T (2004) Immunohistochemical localization of periostin in tooth and its surrounding tissues in mouse mandibles during development. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 281(2):1264–1275
Tanabe H, Takayama I, Nishiyama T, Shimazaki M, Kii I, Li M, Amizuka N, Katsube KI, Kudo A (2010) Periostin associates with Notch1 precursor to maintain Notch1 expression under a stress condition in mouse cells. PLoS ONE 5(8):e12234
Trexler M, Briknarová K, Gehrmann M, Llinás M, Patthy L (2003) Peptide ligands for the fibronectin type II modules of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). J Biol Chem 278(14):12241–12246
Tsuji Y, Yamaza T, Kido MA, Goto T, Nakata S, Akamine A, Nakasima A, Tanaka T (2001) Expression of cathepsin K mRNA and protein in odontoclasts after experimental tooth movement in the mouse maxilla by in situ hybridization and immunoelectron microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 303(3):359–369
Waldo CM, Rothblatt JM (1954) Histologic response to tooth movement in the laboratory rat. J Dent Res 33:481–486
Watanabe T, Yasue A, Fujihara S, Tanaka E (2012) PERIOSTIN regulates MMP-2 expression via the αvβ3 integrin/ERK pathway in human periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 57(1):52–59
Wilde J, Yokozeki M, Terai K, Kudo A, Moriyama K (2003) The divergent expression of periostin mRNA in the periodontal ligament during experimental tooth movement. Cell Tissue Res 312(3):345–351
Yee JA (1979) Response of periodontal ligament cells to orthodontic force: ultrastructural identification of proliferating fibroblasts. Anat Rec 194(4):603–614
Acknowledgments
This study was partially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81271965) and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20120131110073) to Li M. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology and Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science to Amizuka N.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Shengyu Lv and Hongrui Liu have contributed equally to this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lv, S., Liu, H., Cui, J. et al. Histochemical examination of cathepsin K, MMP1 and MMP2 in compressed periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement in periostin deficient mice. J Mol Hist 45, 303–309 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-013-9548-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-013-9548-x