References
Altbach, P., & De Wit, H. (2018). Are we facing a fundamental challenge to higher education internationalization? International Higher Education, 93, 2–4.
Brøgger, K. (2022) Post-Cold war governance arrangements in Europe: The University between European integration and rising nationalisms. Globalisation, Societies and Education. Ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2022.2075832.
Bull, T. (2012). Against the mainstream: Universities with an alternative language policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 216, 55–73.
Dafouz, E., & Smit, U. (2020). ROAD-MAPPING English medium education in the internationalised university. Palgrave.
Dimova, S., Hultgren, A. K., & Jensen, C. (Eds.). (2015). English-medium instruction in European higher education: English in Europe, vol. 3. Mouton de Gruyter.
Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (Eds.). (2013). English-Medium Instruction at Universities: Global Challenges. Multilingual Matters.
Hultgren, A.-K., Gregersen, F., & Thøgersen, J. (Eds.). (2014). English in Nordic Universities: Ideologies and practices. John Benjamins.
Kibbermann, K. (2017). Responses to the internationalisation of higher education in language policies of Estonia and Latvia. Eesti Ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics, 8(1), 97–113.
Kuteeva, M., Kaufhold, K., & Hynninen, N. (Eds.). (2020). Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities. Palgrave.
Ljosland, R. (2007). English in Norwegian academia: A step towards diglossia? World Englishes, 26(4), 395–410.
Pennycook, A. (2021). Critical Applied Linguistics: A critical re-introduction. Routledge.
Saarinen, T. (2017). Policy is what happens while you’re busy doing something else: Introduction to special issue on “language” indexing higher education policy. Higher Education, 73(4), 553–560.
Saarinen, T. (2020). Higher Education, Language and New Nationalism in Finland. Recycled histories. Palgrave.
Soler, J. (2019). Language policy and the internationalization of universities. Mouton de Gruyter.
Soler, J., & Gallego-Balsà, L. (2019). The sociolinguistics of higher education. Language policy and internationalisation in Catalonia. Palgrave.
St John, S. K. (2018). The struggle for power in education: The nation-state versus the supranational in the evolution of European Union education policy, 1945–1976. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that there exists no competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saarinen, T. Dynamics of English in European higher education. High Educ 87, 237–240 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00987-6
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00987-6