Abstract
This paper examines how the stated roles and qualifications of Canadian university presidents and provosts have evolved over the past thirty years and the growing presence of recruiting firms. The study analysed 153 job advertisements published by 22 universities between 1987 and 2017. Roles were categorized according to aspects of organizational life: human resource, political, structural, and symbolic, while we distinguished qualifications as involving traits as well as cultural, human, and social “capitals.” Overall, the expected qualifications for presidential and provostial candidates have increased consistently and their roles have expanded in scope. Trait qualifications and symbolic roles, while mostly absent in 1987, became prevalent by 2017, suggesting a slow but clear shift towards managerialist and charismatic depictions of leadership. This increase took place concurrently with universities’ increasing reliance on recruiting firms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Becker, G.S. (1993). Human capital revisited. In Human capital: A Theoretical and empirical analysis, with Special Reference to Education, 3rd edn, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, pp 15-28.
Bennett, N. (2019). Investing in the provost: How well does the provost position truly prepare someone for the presidency?, https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/06/13/how-well-does-provost-position-truly-prepare-someone-presidency-opinionhttps://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/06/13/how-well-does-provost-position-truly-prepare-someone-presidency-opinion.
Birnbaum, R. (2000). The life cycle of academic management fads. The Journal of Higher Education, pp 1–16.
Birnbaum, R., & Umbach, P.D. (2001). Scholar, steward, spanner, stranger: the four career paths of college presidents. The Review of Higher Education, 24(3), 203–217.
Blaschke, S., Frost, J., & Hattke, F. (2014). Towards a micro foundation of leadership, governance, and management in universities. Higher Education, 68(5), 711–732.
Bolman, L.G., & Deal, T.E. (1991). Leadership and management effectiveness: A multi-frame, multi-sector analysis. Human Resource Management, 30(4), 509–534.
Bolman, L.G., & Gallos, J.V. (2010). Reframing academic leadership Jossey-Bass. San Francisco, California.
Bourdieu, P. (1975). La spécificité du champ scientifique et les conditions sociales du progrès de la raison. Sociologie et socié,tés, 7(1), 91–118.
Boyko, L., & Jones, G.A. (2010). The roles and responsibilities of middle management (chairs and deans) in Canadian universities. In Meek, V L, Goedegebuure, L, Santiago, R, & Carvalho, T (Eds.) The Changing Dynamics of Higher Education Middle Management, (Vol. 33 pp. 83–102). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Cafley, J.M. (2015). Leadership in higher education: Case study research of Canadian university presidents with unfinished mandates Doctoral dissertation. Canada: University of Ottawa, Ottawa.
Cejda, B.D., Bush, W.B.J., & Rewey, K.L. (2002). Profiling the chief academic officers of Christian colleges and universities: A comparative study. Christian Higher Education, 1(1), 3–15.
Croneis, K.S., & Henderson, P. (2002). Electronic and digital librarian positions: A content analysis of announcements from 1990 through 2000. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 28(4), 232–237.
Davis, A., Van Rensburg, M.J., & Venter, P. (2016). The impact of managerialism on the strategy work of university middle managers. Studies in Higher Education, 41 (8), 1480–1494.
De Boer, H., Goedegebuure, L., & Meek, V.L. (2010). The changing nature of academic middle management: A framework for analysis. In Meek, V.L, Goedegebuure, L, Santiago, R, & Carvalho, T (Eds.) The Changing Dynamics of Higher Education Middle Management, (Vol. 33 pp. 229–241). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Deem, R., & Brehony, K.J. (2005). Management as ideology: the case of ‘new managerialism’ in higher education. Oxford Review of Education, 31(2), 217–235.
DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (1991). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. In Powell, W.W., & DiMaggio, P J (Eds.) The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
du Gay, P. (2000). In Praise of Bureaucracy: Weber, Organization, Ethics. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Eckel, P.D. (2009). The CAO census: A national profile of chief academic officers. Washington, D.C: Tech. rep. American Council on Education.
Fallis, G. (2007). Multiversities, ideas, and democracy university of toronto press, Toronto, Canada.
Fallis, G. (2013). Rethinking Higher education: Participation, Research, and Differentiation. Queen’s Policy Studies Series / School of Policy studies, Queen’s University. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Goodall, A.H. (2009). Socrates in the boardroom: why research universities should be led by top scholars princeton university press, Princeton, California.
Gorsky, D., Barker, J.R., & MacLeod, A. (2018). Servant and supervisor: Contrasting discourses of care and coercion in senior medical school leadership roles. Studies in Higher Education, 43(12), 2238–2250.
Hamlin, R.G., & Patel, T. (2017). Perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness within higher education in France. Studies in Higher Education, 42(2), 292–314.
Hardy, C. (1996). The politics of collegiality: retrenchment strategies in Canadian universities. Montreal, Canada: Mcgill-Queens university press.
Harman, G. (2002). Academic leaders or corporate managers: Deans and heads in Australian higher education, 1977 to 1997. Higher Education Management and Policy, 14(2), 53–70.
Hartley, H.V., & Godin, E.E. (2010). A study of chief academic officers of independent colleges and universities: Who are they? Where do they come from? What are they doing? Where do they want to go?. Tech. rep. Council of Independent Colleges, Washington, D.C.
Hoffman, J.L., & Bresciani, M.J. (2010). Assessment work: Examining the prevalence and nature of learning assessment competencies and skills in student affairs job postings. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 47(4), 487–504.
Joullié, J E, & Spillane, R. (2015). The philosophical foundations of management thought lexington books, Lanham, Maryland.
Kohtamäki, V. (2019). Academic leadership and university reform-guided management changes in Finland. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 41(1), 70–85.
Lingenfelter, M. (2004). Presidential search consultants in higher education: A review of the literature. Higher Education in Review, 1, 33–58.
Locke, W., Cummings, W.K., & Fisher D. (eds.) (2011). Changing Governance and Management in Higher education: The Perspectives of the Academy. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Loomes, S., Owens, A., & McCarthy, G. (2019). Patterns of recruitment of academic leaders to Australian universities and implications for the future of higher education. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 41(2), 137–152.
MacKinnon, P. (2014). University leadership and public policy in the Twenty-First century: A president’s perspective university of toronto press, Toronto, Canada.
McLaughlin, J.B. (1985). From secrecy to sunshine: an overview of presidential search practice. Research in Higher Education, 22(2), 195–208.
McLaughlin, J.B., & Riesman, D. (1985). The vicissitudes of the search process. The Review of Higher Education, 8(4), 341–355.
Meek, V.L., Goedegebuure, L., Santiago, R., & Carvalho T. (eds.) (2010). The Changing Dynamics of Higher Education Middle Management, Higher Education dynamics, vol 33. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Metcalfe, A.S., Fisher, D., Gingras, Y., Jones, G.A., Rubenson, K., & Snee, I. (2011). Canada: Perspectives on governance and management. In Locke, W, Cummings, W K, & Fisher, D (Eds.) Changing Governance and management in Higher Education: The Perspectives of the academy, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 151-174.
Meyer, J.W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340–363.
Mintzberg, H. (2013). Leadership and communityship. In Mintzberg, H, Ahlstrand, B, & Lampel, J B (Eds.) Management? it’s not what you think!, Financial Times/ Prentice Hall, London.
Moore, K.M., Salimbene, A.M., Marlier, J.D., & Bragg, S.M. (1983). The structure of presidents’ and deans’ careers. The Journal of Higher Education, 54(5), 500–515.
Mount, J., Belanger, C., & 2001. (2001). “Academia Inc”: The perspective of university presidents. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 31(2), 135–166.
Musselin, C., & Teixeira, P.N. (Eds.). (2014). Reforming Higher Education, Higher Education dynamics, vol 41. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Muzzin, L.J., & Tracz, G.S. (1981). Characteristics and careers of Canadian university presidents. Higher Education, 10(3), 335–351.
Newton, J. (2002). Barriers to effective quality management and leadership: Case study of two academic departments. Higher Education, 44(2), 185–212.
O’Connor, P., & O’Hagan, C. (2016). Excellence in university academic staff evaluation: A problematic reality? Studies in Higher Education, 41(11), 1943–1957.
Paul, R.H. (2015). Leadership under fire: The Challenging Role of the Canadian University President. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen’s press-MQUP.
Pennock, L., Jones, G.A., Leclerc, J.M., & Li, S.X. (2015). Assessing the role and structure of academic senates in Canadian universities, 2000–2012. Higher Education, 70, 503–518.
Pitt, R., & Mewburn, I. (2016). Academic superheroes? A critical analysis of academic job descriptions. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 38 (1), 88–101.
Ritzhaupt, A., Martin, F., & Daniels, K. (2010). Multimedia competencies for an educational technologist: A survey of professionals and job announcement analysis. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 19(4), 421–449.
Rourke, F.E., & Brooks, G.E. (1964). The ”managerial revolution” in higher education. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9(2), 154–181.
Rowlands, J. (2015). Turning collegial governance on its head: Symbolic violence, hegemony and the academic board. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36(7), 1017–1035.
Schein, E.H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership, 4th edn. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Shanahan, T., & Jones, G.A. (2007). Shifting roles and approaches: Government coordination of post-secondary education in Canada, 1995–2006. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(1), 31–43.
Shepherd, S. (2017). Appointing for diversity: Can old universities learn from the experience of the new?. London: Tech rep. Society for Research into Higher Education.
Shepherd, S. (2018a). Managerialism: An ideal type. Studies in Higher Education, 43(9), 1668–1678.
Shepherd, S. (2018b). Strengthening the university executive: The expanding roles and remit of deputy and pro-vice-chancellors. Higher Education Quarterly, 72(1), 40–50.
Stein, J.G. (2001). The cult of efficiency, 2nd edn. Toronto, Canada: House of Anansi Press.
Turpin, D.H., De Decker, L., & Boyd, B. (2014). Historical changes in the Canadian university presidency: An empirical analysis of changes in length of service and experience since 1840. Canadian Public Administration, 57(4), 573–588.
Twombly, S.B. (1986). Theoretical approaches to the study of career mobility: Applications to administrative career mobility in colleges and universities.
Twombly, S.B. (1992). The process of choosing a dean. The Journal of Higher Education, 63(6), 653–683.
van Ameijde, J.D.J., Nelson, P.C., Billsberry, J., & van Meurs, N. (2009). Improving leadership in higher education institutions: a distributed perspective. Higher Education, 58(6), 763–779.
Ware, F.A. (2003). Managing confidentiality in an academic presidential search. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 68(3), 30–35.
Watts, R. (2017). Public universities, managerialism and the value of higher education critical University Studies, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Weber, M. (2008/1921). La domination légale à direction administrative bureaucratique. Amazon Digital Services, Seattle, Washington.
Williams, L.E. (1986). Chief academic officers at black colleges and universities: A comparison by gender. The Journal of Negro Education, 55(4), 443–452.
Wolverton, M., Gmelch, W.H., Montez, J.M., & Nies, C.T. (2001). The changing nature of the academic deanship. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Volume 20, Number 1 Association for the Study of Higher Education, Washington, D.C.
Zaleznik, A. (1977). Managers and leaders: are they different? Harvard Business Review, 55(3), 67–78.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lavigne, E., Sá, C.M. The changing roles and qualifications of Canadian university presidents and provosts. High Educ 81, 537–550 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00555-w
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00555-w