Abstract
Universities worldwide, in placing a greater emphasis on global mobility, have recently seen a growing number of in- and outbound students. Parallel to this development has been the need to internationalize individual campuses, an important aspect of which is to have a common language (or languages) used for communication. The language policies in Asian universities have been complicated by the growing presence of international students who may only understand one of the languages used as the medium of instruction, typically English. Drawing on Tinto’s integration (Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987) and Spolsky’s language policy (Language management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009) frameworks, this exploratory, perceptual study solicits the views from 38 international students on the implementation of a bilingual education policy, especially with respect to whether the policy facilitated these sojourners’ academic and social integration at a Taiwanese university that is actively advocating internationalization. The findings suggest that Mandarin Chinese continues to be the mainstream medium of instruction and social activities, while English is used rather sparingly and on an as-needed basis. The recognition of the growing economic power of China and importance of Chinese as well as the scholarships provided may have overridden these sojourners’ integration concerns and challenges arising from the underuse of English as a lingua franca.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Billups, F. D., & Kite, S. L. (2010). Perceptions of doctoral students regarding factors contributing to student success. Retrieved 1 March 2015 from http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/nera_2010/19.
Björkman, B. (2014). Language ideology or language practice? An analysis of language policy documents at Swedish universities. Multilingual, 33(3–4), 335–363.
Bolton, K., & Kuteeva, M. (2012). English as an academic language at a Swedish university: Parallel language use and the ‘threat’ of English. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 33(5), 429–447.
Caudery, T., Petersen, M., & Shaw, P. (2008). The motivations of exchange students at Scandinavian universities. In M. Byram & F. Dervin (Eds.), Students, staff and academic mobility in higher education (pp. 114–130). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press.
Chang, Y. F. (2008). Parents’ attitude toward the English education policy in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Education Review, 9(4), 423–435.
Chen, S.-C. (2006). Simultaneous promotion of indigenization and internationalization: New language-in-education policy in Taiwan. Language and Education, 20(4), 322–337.
Chen, S.-C. (2010). Multilingualism in Taiwan. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 205, 79–104.
Chen, S., & Tsai, Y. (2012). Research on English teaching and learning: Taiwan (2004–2009). Language Teaching, 45(2), 180–201.
Chern, C.-L. (2002). English language teaching in Taiwan today. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 22(2), 97–105.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education (7th ed.). New York: Routledge.
Enders, J. (2004). Higher education, internationalisation, and the nation-state: Recent developments and challenges to governance theory. Higher Education, 47(3), 361–382.
Faber, P. (2010). English as an academic lingua franca. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 23, 19–32.
Gao, X. (2009). The ‘English corner’ as an out-of-class learning activity. ELT Journal, 63(1), 60–67.
Gunawardena, H., & Wilson, R. (2012). International students at university: Understanding the student experience. Bern: Peter Lang.
Hu, G. (2008). The misleading academic discourse on Chinese–English bilingual education in China. Review of Educational Research, 78(2), 195–231.
Hu, G., Li, L., & Lei, J. (2014). English-medium instruction at a Chinese university: Rhetoric and reality. Language Policy, 13(1), 21–40.
Huang, Y.-P. (2012). Design and implementation of English-medium courses in higher education in Taiwan: A qualitative case study. English Teaching and Learning, 36(1), 1–51.
Hultgren, A. K. (2014). Whose parallelingualism? Overt and covert ideologies in Danish university language policies. Multilingua, 33(1–2), 61–87.
Jenkins, J. (2014). English as a lingua franca in the international university: The politics of academic English policy. London: Routledge.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2011). Internationalization or Englishization: Medium of instruction in today’s universities. Hong Kong: Centre for Governance and Citizenship, The Hong Kong Institute of Education.
Knight, J. (2003). Updated internationalization definition. International Higher Education, 33, 2–3.
Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodeled. Definition, approaches and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8(1), 5–31.
Kuteeva, M., & Airey, J. (2014). Disciplinary differences in the use of English in higher education: Reflections on recent language policy developments. Higher Education, 67, 533–549.
Lau, K., & Lin, C.-Y. (2014). The role of English as a social lingua franca: The case of the international students of a university in Taiwan. The Asian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 36–49.
Li, D. (2006). Chinese as a lingua franca in Greater China. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 149–176.
Li, D. C. S. (2012). Linguistic hegemony or linguistic capital? Internationalization and English-medium instruction at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In A. Doiz, D. Lasagabaster, & J. M. Sierra (Eds.), English-medium instruction at universities: Global challenges (pp. 65–83). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Li, M., & Bray, M. (2007). Cross-border flows of students for higher education: Push–pull factors and motivations of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau. Higher Education, 53, 791–818.
Li, V. W. K., & Majanovich, S. E. (2010). Marching on a long road: A review of the effectiveness of the mother-tongue education policy in post-colonial Hong Kong. Gist Education and Learning Research Journal, 4(1), 10–29.
Mazzarol, T., & Soutar, G. N. (2002). “Push–pull” factors influencing international student destination choice. International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2), 82–90.
McAllister, L., Whiteford, G., Hill, B., Thomas, N., & Fitzgerald, M. (2006). Reflection in intercultural learning: Examining the international experience through a critical incident approach. Reflective Practice, 7(3), 367–381.
Ministry of Education, Republic of Taiwan. (2014). Statistical smmaries. Retrieved 1 March 2015 from http://english.moe.gov.tw/lp.asp?CtNode=11429&CtUnit=1345&BaseDSD=16&mp=1.
Ministry of Education, Republic of Taiwan. (2015). Challenge 2008: National development plan. Retrieved November 22 from http://english.moe.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=7043&ctNode=784&mp=1.
Mok, K. H. (2007). Questing for internationalization of universities in Asia: Critical reflections. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11, 433–454.
Morrison, K., & Lui, I. (2000). Ideology, linguistic capitals and the medium of instruction in Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 21(6), 471–486.
Oladejo, J. (2006). Parents’ attitude towards bilingual education policy in Taiwan. Bilingual Research Journal, 30(1), 147–170.
Palmer, M., O’Kane, P., & Owens, M. (2009). Betwist spaces: Student accounts of turning point experiences in the first-year transition. Studies in Higher Education, 34(1), 37–54.
Park, J. S. Y. (2009). The local construction of a global language: Ideologies of English in South Korea. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Park, J. S. Y. (2011). The promise of English: Linguistic capital and the neoliberal worker in the South Korean job market. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 14(4), 443–455.
Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Preisler, B. (2009). Complementary languages: The national language and English as working language in European universities. In P. Harder (Ed.), English in Denmark: Language policy, internationalization and university teaching (pp. 10–28). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press and the University of Copenhagen.
Rienties, B., Beausaert, S., Grohnert, T., Niemantsverdriet, S., & Kommers, P. (2012). Understanding academic performance: The role of ethnicity, academic and social integration. Higher Education, 63(6), 685–700.
Roberts, A., Chou, P., & Ching, G. (2010). Contemporary trends in East Asian higher education: Dispositions of international students in a Taiwan university. Higher Education, 59, 149–166.
Sandel, T. L. (2003). Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT’s mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on linguistic practices of bilingual Mandarin and Tai-gi speakers. Language in Society, 32(4), 523–551.
Scott, M., & Tiun, H.-K. (2007). Mandarin-only to Mandarin-plus: Taiwan. Language Policy, 6(1), 53–72.
Severiens, S. E., & Schmidt, H. G. (2009). Academic and social integration and study progress in problem based learning. Higher Education, 58, 59–69.
Shaw, P., Caudery, T., & Petersen, M. (2009). The motivations of students on exchange in Scandinavia: Motivation, interaction, ELF development. In A. Mauranen & E. Ranta (Eds.), English as a lingua franca: Studies and findings (pp. 178–199). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press.
Silver, R. E. (2005). The discourse of linguistic capital: Language and economic policy planning in Singapore. Language Policy, 4, 47–66.
Smit, U. (2010). English as a lingua franca in higher education: A longitudinal study of classroom discourse. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.
Song, M.-M., & Tai, H.-H. (2007). Taiwan’s responses to globalisaton: Internationalisation and questing for world class universities. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 27(3), 323–340.
Spolsky, B. (2009). Language management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spolsky, B., & Shohamy, E. (2000). Language practice, language ideology, and language policy. In R. D. Lambert & E. Shohamy (Eds.), Language policy and pedagogy: Essays in honor of A. Ronald Walton (pp. 1–41). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Tan, C. (2006). Change and continuity: Chinese language policy in Singapore. Language Policy, 5(1), 41–62.
Tien, C.-Y. (2013). Codeswitching in a university in Taiwan. In R. Barnard & J. McLellam (Eds.), Codeswitching in university English-medium classes: Asian perspectives (pp. 24–42). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Times Higher Education. (2015). The Asia University rankings. Retrieved 1 May 2015 from http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2013-14/regional-ranking/region/asia.
Tinto, V. (1987). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Tsao, F.-F. (2000). The language planning situation in Taiwan. In R. B. Baldauf Jr. & R. B. Kaplan (Eds.), Language planning in Nepal, Taiwan and Sweden (pp. 60–106). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Vickers, P., & Bekhradnia, B. (2007). The economic costs and benefits of international students. Oxford: Higher Education Policy Institute.
Vidovich, L. (2002). Quality assurance in Australian higher education: Globalisation and ‘steering at a distance’. Higher Education, 43(3), 391–408.
Wu, M.-H. (2011). Language planning and policy in Taiwan: Past, present and future. Language Problems & Language Planning, 35(1), 15–34.
Young, M., Kuo, F., & Myers, M. D. (2012). To share or not to share: A critical research perspective on knowledge management systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 21, 496–511.
YZU (Yuan Ze University). (2015a). Statistics. Retrieved 1 May 2015 from http://www.yzu.edu.tw/admin/aa/index.php/content/blogcategory/138/259/lang,tw/.
YZU (Yuan Ze University). (2015b). Courses offered in English. Retrieved 1 May 2015 from http://www.yzu.edu.tw/admin/oia/index.php/content/view/117/541/lang,en/.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lau, K., Lin, CY. Internationalization of higher education and language policy: the case of a bilingual university in Taiwan. High Educ 74, 437–454 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0055-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0055-3