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GmPARPs differentially regulate the drought and heat stress tolerance in soybean

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Abstract

Soybean is a valuable crop that provides protein and oil. The soybean yield and quality are affected by abiotic stresses viz. drought and heat stress. The process of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is an essential component of crucial cellular processes, including abiotic stress tolerance. This study is an attempt to unravel the function of Glycine max poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (GmPARPs) using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in soybean. The present study has identified and characterized the GmPARPs gene in soybean using bioinformatic and molecular analyses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed the differential expression of GmPARPs under drought and heat stress conditions. Further, to elucidate the function of the GmPARPs in drought and heat stress, soybean GmPARPs-RNAi transgenic lines were raised which were confirmed by molecular analyses. Various physiological traits such as Fv/Fm ratio, H2O2 production, and proline and chlorophyll content demonstrated the tolerance of GmPARPs-RNAi lines under drought and heat stress conditions. Besides, the role of stress-associated genes, Allene oxide synthase and Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were studied to dissect the pathways involved in conferring drought and heat tolerance in GmPARPs-RNAi lines, which were consistent with the previous studies. Our study indicated that the downregulation of the GmPARP1 efficiently improves drought and heat tolerance in soybean. However, GmPARP2 knockdown could only protect soybean plants under drought stress. Thus, GmPARPs may also serve as an important target for the improvement of soybean cultivars and other crops.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (Grant F. No.: CS/18(14)/2015-O&P) for a research Grant on soybean. We also thank the Department of Biotechnology and the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, for their generous support for various research programmes in the lab. MVR is grateful to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for BSR Faculty Fellowship. RT is thankful to the UGC for Senior Research Fellowship. We also thank the UGC for SAP (DRS-III) programme, DST for FIST (Level 2) programme, and DU-DST PURSE (Phase II) Grant.

Funding

This work was generously supported by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (Grant F. No.: CS/18(14)/2015-O&P).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, 110021, India

    Ruby Tiwari & Manchikatla V. Rajam

  2. ICAR-National Institute for Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Maharashtra, 413115, India

    Ajay K. Singh

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  1. Ruby Tiwari
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Contributions

MVR and AKS has conceived the concept. MVR, AKS and RT designed the experiments, and RT performed the experiments, generated and analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript. MVR and RT revised the manuscript and interpreted the data. All the authors approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Manchikatla V. Rajam.

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Communicated by Ravinder Kumar.

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Supplementary Information

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Supplementary file1 (JPG 54 kb). Fig. S1 The T-DNA map of pCAMBIA3301

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Supplementary file2 (JPG 717 kb). Morphology of putative soybean T0 transformants developed using GmPARP1- and GmPARP2-RNAi constructs

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Supplementary file3 (JPG 750 kb). Fig. S3 PCR analysis of putative soybean GmPARP1-RNAi T0 transformants. (A) PCR analysis of marker gene using bar primers (~407 bp). Lane M. 1 kb/100 bp ladder, Lane N. Negative control, Lane UT. Untransformed control, Lane 1-25. Putative soybean PARP1-RNAi T0 transformants; (B) PCR analysis of gene of interest using CaMV 35SP forward primer and PARP1 sense as a reverse primer (~392 bp). Lane M. 100 bp ladder, Lane N. Negative control, Lane UT. Untransformed control, Lane 1-25. Putative soybean PARP1-RNAi T0 transformants

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Supplementary file4 (JPG 373 kb). Fig. S4 PCR analysis of putative soybean GmPARP2-RNAi T0 transformants. (A) PCR analysis of marker gene using bar primers (~407 bp). Lane M. 100 bp ladder, Lane N. Negative control, Lane UT. Untransformed control, Lane 2-23. Putative soybean PARP2-RNAi T0 transformants; (B) PCR analysis of gene of interest using CaMV 35SP forward primer and PARP2 sense as a reverse primer (~393bp). Lane M. 100 bp ladder, Lane N. Negative control, Lane UT. Untransformed control, Lane 2-23. Putative soybean PARP2-RNAi T0 transformants

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Supplementary file5 (JPG 426 kb). Fig. S5 Southern analysis using bar gene-specific probe. (A and B) corresponds to Southern hybridization using GmPARP1-RNAi T0 transformants and 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 represent independent T0 transformants; (C) corresponds to Southern hybridization using GmPARP2-RNAi T0 transformants and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 20, 21, 23 represent independent T0 transformants. UT corresponds to untransformed control, P corresponds to pFGC5941 vector as a positive control

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Supplementary file6 (JPG 407 kb). Fig. S6 Molecular analysis of soybean GmPARP1-RNAi T1 transgenics. (A) PCR analysis of marker gene using bar primers (~407 bp). Lane M. 100 bp ladder, Lane N. Negative control, Lane UT. Untransformed control, Lane 9.1-19.3. Putative soybean GmPARP1-RNAi T1 transgenic lines; (B) PCR analysis of gene of interest using CaMV 35SP forward primer and PARP1 sense as a reverse primer (~392 bp). Lane M. 100 bp ladder, Lane 1. Negative control, Lane 2. Untransformed control, Lane 9.1-19.3. Putative soybean GmPARP1-RNAi T1 transgenic lines

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Supplementary file7 (JPG 451 kb). Fig. S7 Molecular analysis of soybean GmPARP2-RNAi T1 transgenics. (A) PCR analysis of marker gene using bar primers (~407 bp). Lane M. 100 bp ladder, Lane N. Negative control, Lane UT. Untransformed control, Lane 6.1-21.35. Putative soybean GmPARP2-RNAi T1 transgenic lines; (B) PCR analysis using CaMV 35SP forward primer and PARP2 sense as a reverse primer (~393bp). Lane M. 100 bp ladder, Lane N. Negative control, Lane UT. Untransformed control, Lane 6.1-21.35. Putative soybean GmPARP2-RNAi T1 transgenic lines

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Supplementary file8 (JPG 194 kb). Fig. S8 Standard curve of proline prepared from a serial dilution of 100 ppm stock solution of L-Proline

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Supplementary file9 (DOCX 14 kb). Table S1 Details of the primers used in gene amplification, transgene expression analysis and siRNA detection

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Supplementary file10 (DOCX 13 kb). Table S2 List of primers used in RT-qPCR expression analysis and stress-associated gene expression

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Tiwari, R., Singh, A.K. & Rajam, M.V. GmPARPs differentially regulate the drought and heat stress tolerance in soybean. Plant Growth Regul 101, 643–661 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-023-01047-4

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