Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an important macronutrient for blueberry growth and development. To date, the response mechanism of blueberry to N deficiencystress has not been well elaborated. In this study, the adaptability strategy of blueberries under nitrogen deficiency stress was comprehensively studied using one-year-old seedlings of the highbush blueberry cultivar 'Legacy' subjected to two treatments: normal N fertilization treatment as a control (CK, 15 mM N fertilization) and N deficiency treatment (ND, without N fertilization). The physiological results showed that under nitrogen deficiency stress, plant growth slowed, the dry and fresh weights of the plants decreased, and the chlorophyll (Chl) content decreased significantly. The contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased. The absorption of nutrients was significantly affected under nitrogen deficiency treatment. The N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and iron (Fe) contents were decreased, while calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) contents were increased. A total of 1465 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in transcriptomic analysis, of which N metabolism-, carbohydrate metabolism- and amino acid metabolism-related pathways were significantly enriched and involved in efficient N uptake and transport. Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (EMP) and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) are the main energy sources in the process of carbohydrate metabolism, and the five upregulated DEGs may play key regulatory roles. We also identified DEGs involved in ions transport, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, hormone signaling and related transcription factors (TFs). Our results reveal the regulatory mechanisms of the blueberry response to nitrogen deficiency stress and provide new strategies for N nutrient management in blueberry cultivation.
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Abbreviations
- Chl:
-
Chlorophyll
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- AsA:
-
Ascorbic acid
- GSH:
-
Reduced glutathione
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- POD:
-
Peroxidase
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- C:
-
Carbon
- N:
-
Nitrogen
- DEGs:
-
Differentially expressed genes
- EMP:
-
Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis
- PPP:
-
The pentose phosphate pathway
- PGM:
-
Phosphoglucomutase
- PFK5:
-
ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase
- FBA5:
-
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
- gpmA:
-
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase
- ENO1:
-
Enolase 1
- OsI:
-
Pyruvate kinase
- ADH:
-
Alcohol dehydrogenase
- G6PD2:
-
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase
- At2g20420:
-
Succinate-CoA ligase
- NR:
-
Nitrate reductase
- NiR:
-
Nitrite reductase
- NRTs:
-
Nitrate transporters
- GS:
-
Glutamine synthetase
- GOGAT:
-
Glutamate synthase
- TFs:
-
Transcription factors
- WRKY:
-
WRKYGQK
- MYB:
-
Myeloblastosis
- bHLH:
-
Basic helix-loop-helix
- ERF:
-
Ethylene response factor
- ZAT:
-
Cys2/His2 zinc finger
- NAC:
-
NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2
- RAV:
-
Related to ABI3/VP1
- NLP:
-
NIN-like protein
- AP2:
-
Apetala2
- DOF:
-
DNA binding with one finger
- P:
-
Phosphorus
- K:
-
Potassium
- Ca:
-
Calcium
- Mg:
-
Magnesium
- Fe:
-
Iron
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- Cu:
-
Copper
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- CNGC:
-
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel
- CBL/CIPK:
-
Calcineurin B-like protein and CBL-interacting protein kinase
- CDPK:
-
Calcium-dependent protein kinase
- CaM:
-
Calmodulin
- CML:
-
CaM-like protein
- HAK/KUP/KT:
-
High-affinity K transporter/K uptake permease/K transporter
- HKT:
-
High-affinity K transporter
- CPA:
-
Cation proton antiporter
- KCO/TPK:
-
K channel, Ca2+-activated, outward rectifying and two-pore K channel
- PHT:
-
Phosphate transporter
- ZIP:
-
Zinc-regulated transporter
- YSL:
-
Yellow stripe-like
- HMA:
-
Heavy metal ATPase
- CDF:
-
Cation diffusion facilitator
- NRAMP:
-
Natural resistance associated macrophage protein
- IRT:
-
Iron-regulated transporter
- FRO:
-
Ferric chelate reductase
- COPT:
-
Copper transporter
- CCH/ATX/COX/CCS:
-
Copper chaperone/antioxidant protein/copper chaperone for cytochrome c oxidase/copper chaperone for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase
- MGT:
-
Magnesium transporter
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Funding
This work was supported by Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund Project (CX(21)3172), the earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System (JATS[2021]511), and The “JBGS” Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province (JBGS〔2021〕021).
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HY: Investigation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. YD, YW, CZ and LL: Formal analysis and Validation. WL and WW: Resources, Funding acquisition and Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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10725_2023_1038_MOESM1_ESM.jpg
Supplementary file1 (JPG 1822 KB)—Fig. S1 A Gene ontology (GO) classification of DEGs between CK and ND. B Number of DEGs involved in KEGG pathway annotation. C Heatmap of DEGs involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (EMP), pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and citrate (TCA) cycle
Supplementary file2 (JPG 1621 KB)—Fig. S2 Heatmap of DEGs involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway
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Supplementary file3 (JPG 766 KB)—Fig. S3 Comparison of the expression of 8 nitrogen metabolism-related genes between RNA-Seq (A) and qRT-PCR (B)
10725_2023_1038_MOESM7_ESM.xlsx
Supplementary file7 (XLSX 21 KB)—Table S4 DEGs involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and cysteine and methionine metabolism pathways
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Yang, H., Duan, Y., Wu, Y. et al. Physiological and transcriptional responses of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism and ion balance in blueberry plants under nitrogen deficiency. Plant Growth Regul 101, 519–535 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-023-01038-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-023-01038-5