Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution of agricultural soils is a growing global concern. Plant growth restriction is the main visible symptom of Cd toxicity, and this metal may be particularly harmful to the preformed, seminal root during the pre-emergence stage. In the present study, we focused on Cd phytotoxicity in seminal root growth, nutrient composition, redox status, and hormone homeostasis during the pre-emergence stage of maize (Zea mays L) plants, distinguishing between the root apex and the remaining root tissue. After 72 h of metal exposure (50 and 100 µM CdCl2), root length and biomass, as well as Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn contents, were diminished. A redox imbalance was evidenced by changes in peroxidase activities and the ascorbate–dehydroascorbate ratio decreased in both root parts. There were fewer carbonylated proteins in both root fractions after exposure to 50 µM Cd, compared to 100 µM Cd, which was related to increased 20S proteasome activities. Cd incremented ABA, IAA, and SA contents, but drastically reduced the biologically active gibberellin GA4 and the conjugate jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile). We demonstrated that the whole root tissue is involved in the maize response to Cd stress, which entails redox and hormonal rearrangements, probably directed to widen the plant defense lines at the expense of root growth.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Myriam S. Zawoznik for her helpful criticism to improve the manuscript. CLM is a Research Fellow at UBA (Argentina). LBP and SMG are CONICET Career Investigators (Argentina). Hormone measurements were performed at Servei Central d’Instrumentació Científica (SCIC) of Universitat Jaume I (Spain).
Funding
This work was supported by the Universidad de Buenos Aires (20020170100331BA UBACYT), and by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PIP 0441).
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Communicated by Naser A. Anjum.
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Supplementary file1 (PPTX 277 KB) Representative image of maize seedlings subjected to hydroponic culture without (control) or with 50 and 100 µM of CdCl2 for 72 h.
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Matayoshi, C.L., Pena, L.B., Arbona, V. et al. Biochemical and hormonal changes associated with root growth restriction under cadmium stress during maize (Zea mays L.) pre-emergence. Plant Growth Regul 96, 269–281 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00774-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00774-w