Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The effects of light and ethylene and their interaction on the regulation of proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin synthesis in the skins of Vitis vinifera berries

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Plant Growth Regulation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Several environmental stimulants and hormones can affect phenolic accumulation in grape berries, but the effects of ethylene and light and their interaction have not been completely deciphered. We measured the accumulation of anthocyanins (ATs) and proanthocyanidins (PAs) in berries of a red-wine grape, Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, in four treatments: light exposure with and without ethephon, a commercial growth regulator that quickly converts to ethylene, and box-shading with and without ethephon. Ethephon did not significantly increase the weight and diameter of the berries but altered maturity parameters at 49 days after treatment. Ethephon and light increased the fresh and dry weights of the berry skins, induced the accumulation of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and PAs and up-regulated the transcription of VvLAR1, VvLAR2, VvANR, and VvMYBPA1. Light promoted the accumulation of ATs and the expression of AT biosynthetic genes more effectively than did ethephon. Ethephon and light had interactive effects on grape ripening and the contents of PAs and ATs by the way that light interfered with the effect of exogenous ethephon on endogenous ethylene biosynthesis and the downstream ethylene regulatory pathway. These findings provide new information about the physiological and molecular function of ethylene during berry development and the impact of the interaction between ethylene and light in Vitis vinifera.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ageorges A, Fernandez L, Vialet S, Merdinoglu D, Terrier N, Romieu C (2006) Four specific isogenes of the anthocyanin metabolic pathway are systematically co-expressed with the red colour of grape berries. Plant Sci 170(2):372–383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso JM, Hirayama T, Roman G, Nourizadeh S, Ecker JR (1999) EIN2, a bifunctional transducer of ethylene and stress responses in Arabidopsis. Science 284(5423):2148–2152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • An FY, Zhao Q, Ji YS, Li WY, Jiang ZQ, Yu XC, Zhang C, Han Y, He WR, Liu YD (2010) Ethylene-induced stabilization of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 and EIN3-LIKE1 is mediated by proteasomal degradation of EIN3 binding F-box 1 and 2 that requires EIN2 in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Online 22(7):2384–2401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atanassova R, Leterrier M, Gaillard C, Agasse A, Sagot E, Coutos-Thévenot P, Delrot S (2003) Sugar-regulated expression of a putative hexose transport gene in grape. Plant Physiol 131(1):326–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barry CS, Giovannoni JJ (2007) Ethylene and fruit ripening. J Plant Growth Regul 26(2):143–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellincontro A, Fardelli A, Santis DD, Botondi R, Mencarelli F (2006) Postharvest ethylene and 1-MCP treatments both affect phenols, anthocyanins, and aromatic quality of Aleatico grapes and wine. Aust J Grape Wine Res 12(2):141–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergqvist J, Dokoozlian N, Ebisuda N (2001) Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California. Am J Enol Vitic 52(1):1–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogs J, Downey MO, Harvey JS, Ashton AR, Tanner GJ, Robinson SP (2005) Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves. Plant Physiol 139(2):652–663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bogs J, Jaffé FW, Takos AM, Walker AR, Robinson SP (2007) The grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis during fruit development. Plant Physiol 143(3):1347–1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Böttcher C, Burbidge CA, Boss PK, Davies C (2013a) Interactions between ethylene and auxin are crucial to the control of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry ripening. BMC Plant Biol 13(1):222

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Böttcher C, Harvey KE, Boss PK, Davies C (2013b) Ripening of grape berries can be advanced or delayed by reagents that either reduce or increase ethylene levels. Funct Plant Biol 40(6):566–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castellarin SD, Pfeiffer A, Sivilotti P, Degan M, Peterlunger E, Di Gaspero G (2007) Transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in ripening fruits of grapevine under seasonal water deficit. Plant Cell Environ 30(11):1381–1399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chalker-Scott L (1999) Environmental significance of anthocyanins in plant stress responses. Photochem Photobiol 70(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao Q, Rothenberg M, Solano R, Roman G, Terzaghi W (1997) Activation of the ethylene gas response pathway in Arabidopsis by the nuclear protein ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 and related proteins. Cell 89(7):1133–1144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen HM, Xue L, Chintamanani S, Germain H, Lin HQ, Cui HT, Cai R, Zuo JR, Tang XY, Li X (2009) ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 repress SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 expression to negatively regulate plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Online 21(8):2527–2540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chervin C, Deluc L (2010) Ethylene signalling receptors and transcription factors over the grape berry development: gene expression profiling. Vitis 49(3):129–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chervin C, El-Kereamy A, Roustan J-P, Latché A, Lamon J, Bouzayen M (2004) Ethylene seems required for the berry development and ripening in grape, a non-climacteric fruit. Plant Sci 167(6):1301–1305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chervin C, Terrier N, Ageorges A, Ribes F, Kuapunyakoon T (2006) Influence of ethylene on sucrose accumulation in grape berry. Am J Enol Vitic 57(4):511–513

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chervin C, Tira-umphon A, Terrier N, Zouine M, Severac D, Roustan JP (2008) Stimulation of the grape berry expansion by ethylene and effects on related gene transcripts, over the ripening phase. Physiol Plant 134(3):534–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • China National Standardization Administration (2006) Ampeliology analytical methods of wines and fruit wine, GB/T 15038. China Standards Press, Beijing, pp 2–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombe B (1992) Research on development and ripening of the grape berry. Am J Enol Vitic 43(1):101–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombe BG, Hale C (1973) The hormone content of ripening grape berries and the effects of growth substance treatments. Plant Physiol 51(4):629–634

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • CooMbe BG, McCarthy M (2000) Dynamics of grape berry growth and physiology of ripening. Aust J Grape Wine Res 6(2):131–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortell JM, Kennedy JA (2006) Effect of shading on accumulation of flavonoid compounds in (Vitis vinifera L.) pinot noir fruit and extraction in a model system. J Agric Food Chem 54(22):8510–8520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortell JM, Halbleib M, Gallagher AV, Righetti TL, Kennedy JA (2007) Influence of vine vigor on grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir) anthocyanins. 1. Anthocyanin content and composition in fruit. J Agric Food Chem 55(16):6575–6584

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crippen DD, Morrison JC (1986a) The effects of sun exposure on the compositional development of Cabernet Sauvignon berries. Am J Enol Vitic 37(4):235–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crippen DD, Morrison JC (1986b) The effects of sun exposure on the phenolic content of Cabernet Sauvignon berries during development. Am J Enol Vitic 37(4):243–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Paepe A, Van Der Straeten D (2005) Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling: an overview. Vitam Horm 72:399–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deluc L, Barrieu F, Marchive C, Lauvergeat V, Decendit A, Richard T, Carde J-P, Mérillon J-M, Hamdi S (2006) Characterization of a grapevine R2R3-MYB transcription factor that regulates the phenylpropanoid pathway. Plant Physiol 140(2):499–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deluc L, Bogs J, Walker AR, Ferrier T, Decendit A, Merillon J-M, Robinson SP, Barrieu F (2008) The transcription factor VvMYB5b contributes to the regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in developing grape berries. Plant Physiol 147(4):2041–2053

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon RA, Xie DY, Sharma SB (2005) Proanthocyanidins—a final frontier in flavonoid research? New Phytol 165(1):9–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dokoozlian N, Kliewer W (1996) Influence of light on grape berry growth and composition varies during fruit development. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 121(5):869–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Downey MO, Harvey JS, Robinso SP (2004) The effect of bunch shading on berry development and flavonoid accumulation in Shiraz grapes. Aust J Grape Wine Res 10(1):55–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downey MO, Dokoozlian NK, Krstic MP (2006) Cultural practice and environmental impacts on the flavonoid composition of grapes and wine: a review of recent research. Am J Enol Vitic 57(3):257–268

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Kereamy A, Chervin C, Raynal J, Afifi M, Roustan J (2000) Ethylene and ethanol sprayed at veraison enhance the production of anthocyanins in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’grapes. In: Abstr. 138 6th international symposium on grapevine physiology and biotechnology, Heraklion, Greece, pp 11–16

  • El-Kereamy A, Chervin C, Roustan JP, Cheynier V, Souquet JM, Moutounet M, Raynal J, Ford C, Latché A, Pech JC (2003) Exogenous ethylene stimulates the long-term expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries. Physiol Plant 119(2):175–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang YL, Meng JF, Zhang A, Liu JC, Xu TF, Yu WL, Chen SX, Li H, Zhang ZW, Wang H (2011) Influence of shriveling on berry composition and antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Shanxi vineyards. J Sci Food Agric 91(4):749–757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fillion L, Ageorges A, Picaud S, Coutos-Thévenot P, Lemoine R, Romieu C, Delrot S (1999) Cloning and expression of a hexose transporter gene expressed during the ripening of grape berry. Plant Physiol 120(4):1083–1094

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita A, Goto-Yamamoto N, Aramaki I, Hashizume K (2006) Organ-specific transcription of putative flavonol synthase genes of grapevine and effects of plant hormones and shading on flavonol biosynthesis in grape berry skins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70(3):632–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hale C, Coombe B, Hawker J (1970) Effects of ethylene and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on the ripening of grapes. Plant Physiol 45(5):620–623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haselgrove L, Botting D, Rv Heeswijck, Høj P, Dry PR, Ford C, Land P (2000) Canopy microclimate and berry composition: The effect of bunch exposure on the phenolic composition of Vitis vinifera L cv. Shiraz grape berries. Aust J Grape Wine Res 6(2):141–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaprakasha G, Singh R, Sakariah K (2001) Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro. Food Chem 73(3):285–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong ST, Goto-Yamamoto N, Kobayashi S, Esaka M (2004) Effects of plant hormones and shading on the accumulation of anthocyanins and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in grape berry skins. Plant Sci 167(2):247–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong ST, Goto-Yamamoto N, Hashizume K, Esaka M (2008) Expression of multi-copy flavonoid pathway genes coincides with anthocyanin, flavonol and flavan-3-ol accumulation of grapevine. Vitis 47(3):135–140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kliewer W, Antcliff A (1970) Influence of defoliation, leaf darkening, and cluster shading on the growth and composition of Sultana grapes. Am J Enol Vitic 21(1):26–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Knee EM, Hangarter RP, Knee M (2000) Interactions of light and ethylene in hypocotyl hook maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Physiol Plant 108(2):208–215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi S, Ishimaru M, Hiraoka K, Honda C (2002) Myb-related genes of the Kyoho grape (Vitis labruscana) regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. Planta 215(6):924–933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi S, Goto-Yamamoto N, Hirochika H (2004) Retrotransposon-induced mutations in grape skin color. Science 304(5673):982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama K, Goto-Yamamoto N (2008) Bunch shading during different developmental stages affects the phenolic biosynthesis in berry skins of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 133(6):743–753

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Deng XW, Kim WT (2006) Possible role of light in the maintenance of EIN3/EIL1 stability in Arabidopsis seedlings. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 350(2):484–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Hoffman NE, Yang SF (1985) Promotion by ethylene of the capability to convert 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene in preclimacteric tomato and cantaloupe fruits. Plant Physiol 77(2):407–411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marles MS, Ray H, Gruber MY (2003) New perspectives on proanthocyanidin biochemistry and molecular regulation. Phytochemistry 64(2):367–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison JC, Noble AC (1990) The effects of leaf and cluster shading on the composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and on fruit and wine sensory properties. Am J Enol Vitic 41(3):193–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peinado J, de Lerma NL, Moreno J, Peinado R (2009) Antioxidant activity of different phenolics fractions isolated in must from Pedro Ximenez grapes at different stages of the off-vine drying process. Food Chem 114(3):1050–1055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price S, Breen P, Valladao M, Watson B (1995) Cluster sun exposure and quercetin in Pinot noir grapes and wine. Am J Enol Vitic 46(2):187–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid KE, Olsson N, Schlosser J, Peng F, Lund ST (2006) An optimized grapevine RNA isolation procedure and statistical determination of reference genes for real-time RT-PCR during berry development. BMC Plant Biol 6(1):27

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ristic R, Downey MO, Iland PG, Bindon K, Francis IL, Herderich M, Robinson SP (2007) Exclusion of sunlight from Shiraz grapes alters wine colour, tannin and sensory properties. Aust J Grape Wine Res 13(2):53–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robert M, Taylor H, Wain R (1975) Ethylene production by cress roots and excised cress root segments and its inhibition by 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Planta 126(3):273–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarneckis CJ, Dambergs R, Jones P, Mercurio M, Herderich MJ, Smith P (2006) Quantification of condensed tannins by precipitation with methyl cellulose: development and validation of an optimised tool for grape and wine analysis. Aust J Grape Wine Res 12(1):39–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt W, Michalke W, Schikora A (2003) Proton pumping by tomato roots. Effect of Fe deficiency and hormones on the activity and distribution of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in rhizodermal cells. Plant Cell Environ 26(3):361–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin J, Park E, Choi G (2007) PIF3 regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in an HY5-dependent manner with both factors directly binding anthocyanin biosynthetic gene promoters in Arabidopsis. Plant J 49(6):981–994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smalle J, Haegman M, Kurepa J, Van Montagu M, Van Der Straeten D (1997) Ethylene can stimulate Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation in the light. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94(6):2756–2761

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smart RE, Smith SM, Winchester RV (1988) Light quality and quantity effects on fruit ripening for Cabernet Sauvignon. Am J Enol Vitic 39(3):250–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Solano R, Stepanova A, Chao Q, Ecker JR (1998) Nuclear events in ethylene signaling: a transcriptional cascade mediated by ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 and ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1. Genes Dev 12(23):3703–3714

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Soubeyrand E, Basteau C, Hilbert G, van Leeuwen C, Delrot S, Gomès E (2014) Nitrogen supply affects anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes in grapevine cv. Cabernet–Sauvignon berries. Phytochemistry 103:38–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stojanovic J, Silva JL (2007) Influence of osmotic content, continuous high frequency ultrasound and dehydration on antioxidants, colour and chemical properties of rabbiteye blueberries. Food Chem 101(3):898–906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahama U (2004) Oxidation of vacuolar and apoplastic phenolic substrates by peroxidase: Physiological significance of the oxidation reactions. Phytochem Rev 3(1–2):207–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terrier N, Torregrosa L, Ageorges A, Vialet S, Verriès C, Cheynier V, Romieu C (2009) Ectopic expression of VvMybPA2 promotes proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapevine and suggests additional targets in the pathway. Plant Physiol 149(2):1028–1041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tira-Umphon A, Roustan JP, Chervin C (2007) The stimulation by ethylene of the UDP glucose-flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) in grape tissues is independent from the MybA transcription factors. Vitis 46(4):210–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker AR, Lee E, Bogs J, McDavid DA, Thomas MR, Robinson SP (2007) White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes. Plant J 49(5):772–785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wicks AS, Kliewer W (1983) Further investigations into the relationship between anthocyanins, phenolics and soluble carbohydrates in grape berry skins. Am J Enol Vitic 34(2):114–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie DY, Dixon RA (2005) Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis–still more questions than answers? Phytochemistry 66(18):2127–2144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong SW, Zhao MT, Shi TY, Shi H, An FY, Zhao Q, Guo HW (2009) EIN3/EIL1 cooperate with PIF1 to prevent photo-oxidation and to promote greening of Arabidopsis seedlings. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(50):21431–21436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong SW, Shi H, Xue C, Wang L, Xi YP, Li JG, Quail PH, Deng XW, Guo HW (2012) A molecular framework of light-controlled phytohormone action in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 22(16):1530–1535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Zhang Han (the vineyard owner) for kindly providing the berries and to Hai-li Xing Plastic Products Co., Ltd (Zhejiang, China) for kindly providing the shading boxes. We thank Jiang-Fei Meng and Fan Xu for stimulating discussions and critical readings of this manuscript. This study was supported by grants from the National Technology System for the Grape Industry (CARS-30-zp-9).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China

    Mei-ying Liu, Chang-zheng Song, Ming Chi, Tian-min Wang, Li-li Zuo, Xiao-long Li, Zhen-wen Zhang & Zhu-mei Xi

  2. Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, 712100, China

    Zhen-wen Zhang & Zhu-mei Xi

Authors
  1. Mei-ying Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chang-zheng Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ming Chi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tian-min Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Li-li Zuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xiao-long Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zhen-wen Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Zhu-mei Xi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Zhen-wen Zhang or Zhu-mei Xi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Fig. 1

Dynamic changes of ambient temperature for shaded (−L) and exposed (+L) clusters after box-shading during the berry developmental stage. The average daily temperature was calculated from continuously recorded data. (DOCX 1112 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

Grape berries at each sampling date for four treatments: +L+E, light exposure with ethephon; +L−E, light exposure without ethephon; −L+E, box-shading with ethephon; and −L−E, box-shading without ethephon. (DOCX 55 kb)

Supplementary Table 1

Primers used for the quantification of gene expression. (DOCX 22 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, My., Song, Cz., Chi, M. et al. The effects of light and ethylene and their interaction on the regulation of proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin synthesis in the skins of Vitis vinifera berries. Plant Growth Regul 79, 377–390 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0141-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0141-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation