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Genome-wide identification of jasmonate biosynthetic genes and characterization of their expression profiles during apple (Malus × domestica) fruit maturation

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Abstract

The plant hormones regulate most physiological processes including apple fruit ripening by integrating diverse developmental cues and environmental signals. In addition to the well-characterized role of ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives have also been suggested to play an important role during apple fruit maturation and ripening. Till now, the role JA on apple fruit ripening was only observed through exogenous application of JA or its derivatives. The de novo JA biosynthesis and signal transduction in apple fruit tissues have not been studied. In this study, the members of major gene families implicated in JA biosynthesis were identified from apple genome sequences; and their expression profiles were characterized in ‘Golden Delicious’ using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. Our data indicated that the expression patterns of MdLOX23, MdAOS2 and MdJMT2 in JA biosynthesis pathway are coordinated with those of MdACS3, MdERF1 and MdERF2 genes during 12 consecutive weeks of apple fruit maturation toward commercial harvest. Both MdLOX23 and MdAOS2 showed comparable expression patterns in both core and cortex suggesting localized synthesis of JA in different fruit tissues. Most of JA biosynthesis genes were transiently up-regulated in response to exogenous application of methyl jasmonate to on-tree maturing apple fruit, though in a maturity dependent manner. Our results suggested regulating roles of JA biosynthesis and its signaling on apple fruit maturation and ripening.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Steve Reymond, Chris Sater, Edward Valdez and Jenny Countryman for their contribution to the fruit harvests, maturity tests, tissue collection and others excellent technical assistance. We also thank Dr. Amit Dhingra and Dr. Jun Song for their critical review of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this paper. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Jingyi Lv & Jingping Rao

  2. Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA

    Franklin Johnson, Sungbong Shin & Yanmin Zhu

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  1. Jingyi Lv
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  2. Jingping Rao
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  4. Sungbong Shin
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Correspondence to Jingping Rao or Yanmin Zhu.

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10725_2014_9958_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Fig. S1 Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of apple fruit expressed allene oxide synthases (AOS) and lipoxygenases (LOX) genes with homologs from other plants. The phylogenetic tree was generated from the alignment of sequences of 24 AOS genes and 22 LOX genes. The alignment was generated using Clustal X 1.8 software and Clustal W online, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA4.0. Distance scale length of the tree was 0.01. LOX genes were divided into 9-LOX and 13-LOX. Accession numbers of sequences used to build the tree were listed as follows: Malus × domestica (MdLOX22, MDP0000281525; MdLOX23, MDP0000174168; MdLOX28, MDP0000753547; MdLOX39, MDP0000874800; MdAOS1, MDP0000132456; MdAOS2, MDP0000150140; MdAOS3, MDP0000424398; MdAOS4, MDP0000198152; MdAOS5, MDP0000225501), Solanum tuberosum (StAOS1, CAD29735; StAOS2, CAD29736; StAOS3, CAI30876), Glycine max (GmAOS1, ABB91776; GmAOS2, NP_001236445), Solanum lycopersicum (TomLOXA, AAA53184; TomLOXB, AAA53183; TomLOXC, AAB65766; TomLOXD, AAB65767; TomLOXE, AAG21691; LeAOS1, CAB88032; LeAOS2, AAF67141; LeAOS3, AF454634), Nicotiana tabacum (NtAOS, BAM76723), Citrus sinensis (CsAOS, AAO72741), Hevea brasiliensis (HbAOS, AAY27751), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtLOX1, AAA32872; AtLOX2, AAA32749; AtLOX3, AEE29585; AtLOX4, AEE35334; AtLOX5, CAC19365; AtLOX6, AEE34664; AtAOS, NP_199079), Hordeum vulgare (pHvAOS1, AJ250864; pHvAOS2, AJ251304), Prunus persica (PpLOX1, EU883638; PpLOX2, ACH90245; PpLOX3, ACH91370; PpAOS1, CAG17875), Lotus japonicus (LjAOS1, AB600747; LjAOS2, BAJ78216), Linum usitatissimum (LuAOS, P48417), Parthenium argentatum (PaAOS, Q40778); and Actinidia deliciosa (AdLOX2, ABF60002; AdLOX3, ABF60000; AdLOX4, ABF59998; AdLOX5, ABF60001) (TIFF 185 kb)

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Lv, J., Rao, J., Johnson, F. et al. Genome-wide identification of jasmonate biosynthetic genes and characterization of their expression profiles during apple (Malus × domestica) fruit maturation. Plant Growth Regul 75, 355–364 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-9958-0

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