Abstract
Supplying a sufficient amount of available Fe for plant growth in hydroponic nutrient solutions is a great challenge. The chelators commonly used to supply Fe in nutrient solutions have several disadvantages and may negatively affect plant growth. In this research study we have synthesized certain Iron by 1,10-phenanthroline [(Fe(phen)3)(Cl2·L4)] (L = 4-Nintro-phenyl-urea), and evaluated their efficacy as Fe source for a tomato cultivar grown in nutrient solution. Application of Fe-chelates significantly increased root and shoot dry matter yield tomato cultivar compared with Fe-EDTA and FeCl3. Tomato plants supplied with [Fe(phen)3][Cl2·L4] chelates also accumulated significantly higher levels of Fe and N in their roots and shoots compared with those supplied with Fe-EDTA and FeCl3. The results obtained indicated that using Fe-phen chelates in the nutrient solution could supply a sufficient amount of Fe for plant uptake and also improve root and shoot growth of tomato plants. According to the results, Fe-phen chelates can be used as an alternative for Fe-EDTA to supply Fe in nutrient solutions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amani V, Safari N, Khavasi HR, Mirzaei P (2007) Iron(III) mixed-ligand complexes: synthesis, characterization and crystal structure determination of iron(III) hetero-ligand complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2 -bipyridine, chloride and dimethyl sulfoxide, [Fe(phen)Cl(DMSO)] and [Fe(bipy)Cl3(DMSO)]3. Polyhedron 26:4908–4914. doi:10.1016/j.poly.2007.06.038
Bremmer JM, Mulvancey CS (1982) Total nitrogen. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (eds) Method of soil analysis part II. WI, ASA and SSSA, Madison, pp 599–622
Cakmak I, Marschner H (1992) Magnesium deficiency and high light intensity enhance activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in bean leaves. Plant Physiol 98:1222–1227
Cakmak I, Kalayci M, Kaya Y, Torun AA, Aydin N, Wang Y, Arisoy Z, Erdem H, Gokmen O, Ozturk L, Horst WJ (2010) Biofortification and localization of zinc in wheat grain. J Agr Food Chem 58:9092–9102
Chaney RL (1984) Diagnostic practices to identify iron deficiency in higher plants. J Plant Nutr 7:47–67. doi:10.1080/01904168409363174
Conn EE (1988) Cyanide compounds in biology. Wiley, Chichester
Crutchley RJ (2001) Phenylcyanamide ligands and their metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 219–221:125–155. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00324-1
Curie C, Cassin G, Couch D, Divol F, Higuchi K, Jean ML, Misson J, Schikora A, Czernic P, Mari S (2009) Metal movement within the plant: contribution of nicotianamine and yellow stripe 1-like transporters. Ann Bot 103:1–11. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn207
Ghasemi S, Hadadzadeh H, Khoshgoftarmanesh AH, Jafari M (2012) Synthesis of iron-amino acid chelates and evaluation of their efficacy as iron source and growth stimulator for tomato in nutrient solution culture. J Plant Growth Regul 31:498–508. doi:10.1007/s00344-012-9259-7
Goel N, Singh UP (2013) Syntheses, structural, computational, and thermal analysis of acid-base complexes of picric acid with n-heterocyclic bases. J Phys Chem A 117:10428–10437. doi:10.1021/jp406138k
Kukushkin VY, Pombeiro AJL (2005) Metal-mediated and metal-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitriles. Inorganica Chim Acta 358:1–26. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2004.04.029
Letcher RJ, Zhang W, Bensimon C, Crutchley RJ (1993) (1, 3-bis (2-pyridylimino) isoindolinato)Ni(II) complexes of phenylcyanamido Ligans: crystal Structure, electronic absorption spectroscopy and solvent adduct studies Inorg. Chem Acta 20:183–191. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)83326-5
MacDonall FM, Kim MJ, Bodige S (1999) Substitutionally inert complexes as chiral synthons for strereospecific supramolecular syntheses. Coord Chem Rev 185:535–549. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00030-2
Mortvedt JJ (1991) Correcting iron deficiencies in annual and perennial plants: present technologies and future prospects. Plant Soil 130:273–279. doi:10.1007/BF00011883
Noveron JC, Olmstead MM, Mascharak PK (2001) A synthetic analogue of the active site of Fe-containing nitrile hydratase with carboxamido N and thiolato S as donors: synthesis, structure, and reactivities. J Am Chem Soc 123:3247–3259. doi:10.1021/ja001253v
Parker DR, Norvell WA (1999) Advances in solution culture methods for plant mineral nutrition research. Advances in agronomy. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 561–566. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60913-X
Rivero RM, Sa´nchez E, Ruiz JM, Romero L (2003) Iron metabolism in tomato and watermelon plants: influence of nitrogen source. J Plant Nutr 26:2413–2424. doi:10.1081/PLN-120025469
Schenkeveld WDC, Temminghoff EJM, Reichwein AM, Riemsdijk WH (2010) FeEDDHA-facilitated Fe uptake in relation to the behavior of FeEDDHA components in the soil-plant system as a function of time and dosage. Plant Soil 332:69–85. doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0274-9
Sheldrick GM (1997a) SHELX97. Program for crystal structure solution. University of Göttingen, Germany
Sheldrick GM (1997b) SHELX97. Program for crystal structure refinement. University of Göttingen, Germany
Steed J, Atwood J (2009) Supramolecular chemistry. John wiley and sons Ltd, United Kingdom
Stoe, Cie (2005a) X–AREA: program for the acquisition and analysis of data, Version 1.30. Stoe & Cie GmbH: Darmatadt, Germany
Stoe, Cie (2005b) X–RED: program for data reduction and absorption correction, Version 1.28b. Stoe & Cie GmbH: Darmatadt, Germany
Stoe, Cie (2005c) X–SHAPE: program for crystal optimization for numerical absorption correction, Version 2.05. Stoe & Cie GmbH: Darmatadt, Germany
Stoe, Cie (2000) X-STEP32: Crystallographic Package, Version 1.07b; Stoe & Cie GmbH: Darmstadt, Germany, 2000
Vadas TM, Zhang X, Ahner BA, Curran AM (2007) Fate of DTPA, EDTA, and EDDS in hydroponic media and effects on plant mineral nutrition. J Plant Nutr 30:1229–1246. doi:10.1080/01904160701555119
Wilson A (1992) International tables for X-ray crystallography, vol C. Kluwer Academic, Doordrecht, The Netherlands
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rafiei, S., Chiniforoshan, H., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H. et al. Synthesis and crystal structure of tris (1, 10 phenanthroline)-iron (II) tetra (4-Nintro-phenyl-urea) bis chloride, [Fe(phen)3][Cl2·L4] chelates and evaluation of their efficacy as iron source for tomato in nutrient solution culture. Plant Growth Regul 75, 123–132 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-9937-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-9937-5