Abstract
One of the key motivations of computational and data Grids is the ability to make coordinated use of heterogeneous computing resources which are geographically dispersed. However, the provision of Quality of Service (QoS) to Grid users is still a challenge that needs the attention of the research community. Reservation of resources in advance has been proposed as a way of providing QoS guarantees but they may not always be possible. For this reason, this work focuses on meta-scheduling of jobs in advance as a way of enhancing the provision of QoS. Thereby, jobs are scheduled some time before they are actually executed, but no resource is physically reserved. One of the drawbacks of this scenario is that fragmentation may appear in resources (free time slots but not large enough to execute a job) which leads to poor resource utilization. For that reason, two techniques have been developed to tackle poor resource utilization, whose main idea consists of rescheduling already scheduled jobs so that a new incoming job can be allocated. These rescheduling techniques have been implemented within a middleware that supports meta-scheduling in advance, which relies on the GridWay meta-scheduler. Finally, these proposals have been tested using a real testbed involving heterogeneous computing resources distributed across different national organizations, with different experiments showing their efficiency.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Foster, I., Kesselman, C.: The Grid 2: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, 2nd edn. Morgan Kaufmann (2003)
Burchard, L.-O., Hovestadt, M., Kao, O., Keller, A., Linnert, B.: The virtual resource manager: an architecture for SLA-aware resource management. In: Proc. of the IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGrid) (2004)
Tomás, L., Caminero, A.C., Carrión, C., Caminero, B.: Network-aware meta-scheduling in advance with autonomous self-tuning system. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 27(5), 486–497 (2011)
Elmroth, E., Tordsson, J.: Grid resource brokering algorithms enabling advance reservations and resource selection based on performance predictions. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 24(6), 585–593 (2008)
Castillo, C., Rouskas, G.N., Harfoush, K.: On the design of online scheduling algorithms for advance reservations and QoS in Grids. In: Proc. of the Intl. Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS). Los Alamitos, USA (2007)
Gehr, J., Schneider, J.: Measuring fragmentation of two-dimensional resources applied to advance reservation Grid scheduling. In: Proc. of the 9th IEEE/ACM Intl. Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID). Shanghai, China (2009)
Tomás, L., Caminero, A., Caminero, B., Carrión, C.: A strategy to improve resource utilization in Grids based on network-aware meta-scheduling in advance. In: Proc. of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing (Grid). Lyon, France (2011)
Iosup, A., Epema, D.: Grid computing workloads. Internet Computing, IEEE 15(2), 19–26 (2011)
Merlo, A., Clematis, A., Corana, A., Gianuzzi, V.: Quality of service on Grid: architectural and methodological issues. Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp. 23, 745–766 (2011)
Roy, A., Sander, V.: Grid Resource Management. Chapter GARA: A Uniform Quality of Service Architecture, pp. 377–394. Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003)
Ali, R.A., Rana, O., von Laszewski, G., Hafid, A., Amin, K., Walker, D.: A model for quality-of-service provision in service oriented architectures. IJGUC (2005)
Adami, D., et al.: Design and implementation of a Grid network-aware resource broker. In: Proc. of the Intl. Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Networks. Innsbruck, Austria (2006)
Xhafa, F., Abraham, A.: Computational models and heuristic methods for Grid scheduling problems. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 26(4), 608–621 (2010)
Guan, D., Cai, Z., Kong, Z.: Provision and analysis of QoS for distributed Grid applications. In: Proc. of the 5th Intl. Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), pp. 4191–4194 (2009)
Chu, H., Nahrstedt, K.: CPU service classes for multimedia applications. In: Proc. of Intl. Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS). Florence, Italy (1999)
Mateescu, G.: Extending the portable batch system with preemptive job scheduling. In: SC2000: High Performance Networking and Computing. Dallas, USA (2000)
Cárdenas, C., Gagnaire, M.: Evaluation of flow-aware networking (FAN) architectures under GridFTP traffic. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 25(8), 895–903 (2009)
Kurowski, K., Ludwiczak, B., Nabezyski, J., Oleksiak, A., Pukacki, J.: Dynamic Grid scheduling with job migration and rescheduling in the GridLab resource management system. Sci. Program. 12(4), 263–273 (2004)
Wei, X., Ding, Z., Yuan, S., Hou, C., Li, H.: CSF4: a WSRF compliant meta-scheduler. In: Proc. of the Intl. Conference on Grid Computing & Applications (GCA). Las Vegas, USA (2006)
Waldrich, O., Wieder, Ph., Ziegler, W.: A meta-scheduling service for co-allocating arbitrary types of resources. In: Proc. of the 6th Intl. Conference on Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics (PPAM). Poznan, Poland (2005)
Venugopal, S., Buyya, R., Winton, L.J.: A Grid service broker for scheduling e-Science applications on global data Grids. Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp. 18(6), 685–699 (2006)
Caminero, A., Rana, O., Caminero, B., Carrión, C.: Performance evaluation of an autonomic network-aware metascheduler for Grids. Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp. 21(13), 1692–1708 (2009)
Huedo, E., Montero, R.S., Llorente, I.M.: A modular meta-scheduling architecture for interfacing with pre-WS and WS Grid resource management services. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 23(2), 252–261 (2007)
Siddiqui, M., Villazón, A., Fahringer, T.: Grid capacity planning with negotiation-based advance reservation for optimized QoS. In: Proc. of the 2006 Conference on Supercomputing (SC ’06). Tampa, USA (2006)
Singh, G., Kesselman, C., Deelman, E.: A provisioning model and its comparison with best-effort for performance-cost optimization in Grids. In: Proc. of the 16th Intl. symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC). Monterey, USA (2007)
Figuerola, S., Ciulli, N., de Leenheer, M., Demchenko, Y., Ziegler, W., Binczewski, A.: Phosphorus: singlestep on-demand services across multi-domain networks for e-science. Proc. SPIE 6784, 67842X (2007) doi:10.1117/12.746371
Dobber, M., van der Mei, R., Koole, G.: A prediction method for job runtimes on shared processors: survey, statistical analysis and new avenues. Perform. Eval. 64(7–8), 755–781 (2007)
Dinda, P.A.: The statistical properties of host load. Sci. Program. 7(3–4), 211–229 (1999)
Jin, H., Shi, X., Qiang, W., Zou, D.: An adaptive meta-scheduler for data-intensive applications. IJGUC 1(1), 32–37 (2005)
Tomás, L., Caminero, A., Carrión, C., Caminero, B.: Exponential smoothing for network-aware meta-scheduler in advance in Grids. In: Proc. of the 6th Intl. Workshop on Scheduling and Resource Management on Parallel and Distributed Systems (SRMPDS), Conjunction with the 39th Intl. Conference on Parellel Processing (ICPP). San Diego, USA (2010)
Kalekar, P.S.: Time series forecasting using holt-winters exponential smoothing. Technical Report, Kanwal Rekhi School of Information Technology (2004)
Tomás, L., Caminero, A., Caminero, B., Carrión, C.: Using network information to perform meta-scheduling in advance in Grids. In: Proc. of the Sixteenth International Conference on Parallel Computing (Euro-Par). Ischia, Italy (2010)
Smith, W., Foster, I., Taylor, V.: Scheduling with advanced reservations. In: Proc. of the 14th Intl. Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS). Washington, USA (2000)
Wilson, P.R., Johnstone, M.S., Neely, M., Boles, D.: Dynamic storage allocation: a survey and critical review. In: Proc. of the Intl. Workshop on Memory Managment (IWMM), pp. 1–116. Kinross, UK (1995)
De Assunç ao, M.D., Buyya, R.: Performance analysis of multiple site resource provisioning: effects of the precision of availability information. In: Proc. of the 15th Intl. Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC). Bangalore, India (2008)
Elmroth, E., Tordsson, J.: A standards-based Grid resource brokering service supporting advance reservations, coallocation and cross-Grid interoperability. Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp. 21(18), 2298–2335 (2009)
Caniou, Y., Charrier, G., Desprez, F.: Analysis of tasks reallocation in a dedicated Grid environment. In: Proc. of the Intl. Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER). Heraklion, Greece (2010)
Cooper, K., Dasgupta, A., Kennedy, K., Koelbel, C., Mandal, A., Marin, G., Mazina, M., Mellor-Crummey, J., Berman, F., Casanova, H., Chien, A., Dail, H., Liu, X., Olugbile, A., Sievert, O., Xia, H., Johnsson, L., Liu, B., Patel, M., Reed, D., Deng, W., Mendes, C., Shi, Z., YarKhan, A., Dongarra, J.: New Grid scheduling and rescheduling methods in the grads project. In: Proc. of the 18th Intl. Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. Santa Fe, USA (2004)
Yu, Z., Shi, W.: An adaptive rescheduling strategy for Grid workflow applications. In: Proc. of the 21th Intl. Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. Long Beach, USA (2007)
Liu, X., Chen, J., Wu, Z., Ni, Z., Yuan, D., Yang, Y.: Handling recoverable temporal violations in scientific workflow systems: a workflow rescheduling based strategy. In: Proceedings of the 10th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing. Melbourne, Australia (2010)
Huedo, E., Montero, R.S., Llorente, I.M.: A modular meta-scheduling architecture for interfacing with pre-WS and WS Grid resource management services. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 23(2), 252–261 (2007)
Caminero, A., Rana, O., Caminero, B., Carrión, C.: Network-aware heuristics for inter-domain meta-scheduling in Grids. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 77(2), 262–281 (2011)
de Assunç ao, M.D., Buyya, R., Venugopal, S.: InterGrid: a case for internetworking islands of Grids. Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp. 20(8), 997–1024 (2008)
Di, A., Stefano, Morana, G., Zito, D.: A P2P strategy for QoS discovery and SLA negotiation in Grid environment. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 25(8), 862–875 (2009)
Conejero, J., Tomás, L., Carrión, C., Caminero, B.: QoS Provisioning with meta-scheduling in advance within SLA-based Grid environments. Comput. Inform. 31, 73–88 (2012)
Bank, J., and Werner, F.: Heuristic algorithms for unrelated parallel machine scheduling with a common due date, release dates, and linear earliness and tardiness penalties. Math. Comput. Model. 33(4–5), 363–383 (2001)
Farooq, U., Majumdar, S., Parsons, E.W.: Efficiently scheduling advance reservations in Grids. Technical Report, Carleton University, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering (2005)
Portable Batch System. Web page at http://www.openpbs.org. Date of last access: 20 Jan 2011
Chun, G., Dail, H., Casanova, H., Snavely, A.: Benchmark probes for Grid assessment. In: Proc. of 18th Intl. Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS). Santa Fe, New Mexico (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by the Spanish MEC and MICINN, as well as European Commission FEDER funds, under Grants “CSD2006-00046” and “TIN2009-14475-C04”. It was also partly supported by JCCM under Grant “PII1C09-0101-9476”.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tomás, L., Caminero, B., Carrión, C. et al. On the Improvement of Grid Resource Utilization: Preventive and Reactive Rescheduling Approaches . J Grid Computing 10, 475–499 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-012-9226-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-012-9226-3