Abstract
Wild plants are the largest source of genetic diversity for crop breeding. Since ancient times, people have used wild edibles for sustenance, and these foods are frequently the focus of efficient coping mechanisms for malnutrition. Many tribal communities in West Bengal, India, are malnourished. Incorporating wild green leafy vegetables (WGLVs) into daily cuisine may be a better food-based strategy for alleviating their hidden hunger. Asteraceae members have traditionally been used as wild edibles and medicines in India. The current study sought to ascertain the acceptability, nutritional potential, and health benefits of 18 WGLVs of Asteraceae. Mineral nutrients, vitamins, proximate contents, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro toxicity of the selected WGLVs have been assessed. Altogether 36 types of different food and medicinal preparations have been recorded. Ten taxa have been found rich in nutritional compositions like soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, crude protein, crude fat, and dietary minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu). Cotula anthemoides L., Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC., Sonchus arvensis L., and Sphaeranthus indicus L. are some examples of underutilized edible herbs that contain significant amounts of vitamins, health-beneficial phytochemicals, and antioxidants. All of the investigated WGLVs have a wide range of nutritional potentialities and can be used for human consumption as alternative and functional food items, which may potentially alleviate hidden hunger and provide food security.
Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article (and its Supplementary Information files). Requests for material should be made to the corresponding authors.
References
Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Khan N, Shah MH (2013) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinally important wild edible fruits species used by tribal communities of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol 148(2):528–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.050
Achigan-Dako EG, Pasquini MW, Assogba Komlan F, N’danikou S, Yédomonhan H, Dansi A et al (2010) Traditional vegetables in Benin. Institut National des RecherchesAgricoles du Bénin: Imprimeries du CENAP, Cotonou
Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M (2012) Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. Plant Sci J 196:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.014
Åhlberg MK (2021) A profound explanation of why eating green (wild) edible plants promote health and longevity. Food Front 2(3):240–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.106
Ahmad K, Pieroni A (2016) Folk knowledge of wild food plants among the tribal communities of Thakht-e-Sulaiman Hills, North-West Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 12(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0090-2
Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhamma H (2018) Magnesium and human health: perspectives and research directions. Int J Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9041694
Anand S, Shivashankar R, Kondal D, Garg V, Khandelwal S, Gupta R et al (2020) Potassium intake in India: opportunity for mitigating risks of high-sodium diets. Am J Prev Med 58(2):302–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.017
Anarado CE, Anarado CJO, Okeke MO, Ezeh CE, Umedum NL, Okafor PC (2019) Leafy vegetables as potential pathways to heavy metal hazards. J Agric Food Chem 8(1):23–32. https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2019.81003
Annan K, Dickson RA, Amponsah IK, Nooni IK (2013) The heavy metal contents of some selected medicinal plants sampled from different geographical locations. Pharmacogn Res 5(2):103–108. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.1
AOAC (1995) Official methods of analysis 16th Ed. Association of official analytical chemists. Washington DC, USA
AOAC (2006) Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburgs, MD.
Arya OP, Mylliemngap W, Pandey A (2020) Ethnomedicinal plants used by Adi community of Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh in North-East India. Pleione 14(2):265–276. https://doi.org/10.26679/Pleione.14.2.2020.265-276
Asomugha R (2015) Acute and cytotoxicity studies of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata. Pak J Biol Sci 18(1):46–49. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2015.46.49
Awasthi S, Kumar D, Mahdi AA, Agarwal GG, Pandey AK, Parveen H et al (2022) Prevalence of specific micronutrient deficiencies in urban school going children and adolescence of India: A multicenter cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 17(5):e0267003. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267003
Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M (2021) Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Front Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972
Bamji MS, Murty PVVS, Sudhir PD (2021) Nutritionally sensitive agriculture-an approach to reducing hidden hunger. Eur J Clin Nutr 75(7):1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-00760-x
Bandyopadhyay S, Mukherjee SK (2009) Wild edible plants of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 8(1):64–72
Banerjee A, Mukherjee A, Sinhababu A (2013) Ethanobotanical documentation of some wild edible plants in Bankura district, West Bengal, India. J Ethnobiol Tradit Med 120:585–590
Barber TM, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer AF, Weickert MO (2020) The health benefits of dietary fibre. Nutrients 12(10):3209. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103209
Bhatt PR, Patel UD, Patel HB, Modi CM (2019) Survey on ethnoveterinary practices around Junagadh, Gujarat, India. Indian J Pharm Sci 81(1):161–167
Bhushi K (2021) Hunger and pandemic: wild Edibles as future of food. South Asian Hist Cult 7(1):163–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/2393861720977404
Bighaghire R, Okidi L, Muggaga C, Ongeng D (2021) Traditional vegetable preservation technologies practiced in Acholi subregion of Uganda improves mineral bioavailability but impacts negatively on the contribution of vegetables to household needs for micronutrients. Food Sci Nutr 9(2):589–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1931
Bisai S (2014) Prevalence of undernutrition among Santal tribal preschool children of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. India. Int J Pediatr 4(12):347–354. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r010101
Bisht AS (2017) Assessment of Angiosperm taxa at Bharsar and its adjoining area of district Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India with emphasis on ethnomedicinal uses. Asian J For 1(1):1–17
Blois M (1958) Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181:1199–1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a
Bolan S, Kunhikrishnan A, Seshadri B, Choppala G, Naidu R, Bolan NS et al (2017) Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. Environ Int 108:103–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.005
Bosi CF, Rosa DW, Grougnet R, Lemonakis N, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis AL et al (2013) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in medicinal tea of Ageratum conyzoides. Rev Bras Farmacogn 23(3):425–432. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000028
Bouri T, Ganguly S (2016) Documentation of traditional knowledge on edible wild plants of forests in Burdwan district, West Bengal (India). J Med Plants 4(5):35–38
Bucher A, Bucher R (2018) Working with Santal Villagers, West Bengal, India: Moringa and kitchen gardens to combat malnutrition, 2012–2017. World Rev Nutr Diet 118:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484343
Çakılcıoğlu U (2020) An ethnobotanical field study; Traditional foods production and medicinal utilization of Gundelia L. species in Tunceli (Turkey). Indian J Tradit Knowl 19(4):714–718
Cavallo C, Cicia G, Del Giudice T, Sacchi R, Vecchio R (2019) Consumers’ perceptions and preferences for bitterness in vegetable foods: the case of extra-virgin olive oil and brassicaceae-a narrative review. Nutrients 11(5):1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051164
Chadha ML, Oluoch MO (2003) Home-based vegetable gardens and other strategies to overcome micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries. Food Nutr Agric 32:17–23
Chambial S, Dwivedi S, Shukla KK, John PJ, Sharma P (2013) Vitamin C in disease prevention and cure: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 28(4):314–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3
Chandra A, Chakrabarti S, Mallik S, Bhattacharyya N (2021) Assessment of under nutrition among under 5 tribal children in a rural area in West Bengal. Fam Med Prim Care Rev 10(10):3935. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_332_21
Chaniad P, Techarang T, Phuwajaroanpong A, Na-Ek P, Viriyavejakul P, Punsawad C (2021) In vivo antimalarial activity and toxicity study of extracts of Tagetes erecta L. and Synedrella nodiflora L. Gaertn. from the Asteraceae family. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021:1270902. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1270902
Chaudhury S, Singh H, Rahaman CH (2018) Ethnomedicinal uses of plants by the Lodhas tribal group of West Bengal, India. J Tradit Folk Pract 6(1):67–97
Chopra SL, Kanwar JS (1980) Analytical Agricultural Chemistry. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India, pp 337–346
Chopra SL, Kanwar JS (1991) Acid value, Analytical Agricultural Chemistry, 4th edn. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India, pp 349–350
Chowdhury SD, Ghosh T (2013) Undernutrition in Santal children: a biochemical and hematological study. Homo 64:215–227
Dansi A, Adjatin A, Adoukonou-Sagbadja H, Faladé V, Yedomonhan H, Odou D et al (2008) Traditional leafy vegetables and their use in the Benin Republic. Genet Resour Crop Evol 55(8):1239–1256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-008-9324-z
Debbarma M, Pala NA, Kumar M, Bussmann RW (2017) Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in tribes of Tripura in Northeast, India. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 14(4):156–168
Del Ré PV, Jorge N (2012) Spices as natural antioxidants: their application in food and implication for health. Rev Bras De Plantas Medicinais 14(2):389–399. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-05722012000200021
Demiray S, Pintado ME, Castro PML (2009) Evaluation of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of Turkish medicinal plants: Tilia argentea, Crataegi folium leaves and Polygonum bistorta roots. World Acad Eng Technol 54:312–317
Dey A, Mukherjee A (2015) Living and survival amidst hunger: wild edible botanicals as a prime forest productivity in the rural Purulia district, West Bengal, India, from colonial to present. Res J For 9(3):71–86
Dhingra D, Michael M, Rajput H, Patil RT (2012) Dietary fibre in foods: a review. J Food Sci Technol 49(3):255–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0365-5
Downs SM, Ahmed S, Fanzo J, Herforth A (2020) Food environment typology: advancing an expanded definition, framework, and methodological approach for improved characterization of wild, cultivated, and built food environments toward sustainable diets. Foods 9(4):532. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040532
Duguma HT (2020) Wild edible plant nutritional contribution and consumer perception in Ethiopia. Int J Food Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2958623
FAO (2009). How to Feed the World in 2050. High-Level Experts Forum. FAO, Rome. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25593700 Accessed 4 January 2023
Faruque MO, Feng G, Khan MNA, Barlow JW, Ankhi UR, Hu S et al (2019) Qualitative and quantitative ethnobotanical study of the Pangkhua community in Bilaichari Upazilla, Rangamati District, Bangladesh. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 15(1):1–29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0287-2
Flyman MV, Afolayan AJ (2006) The suitability of wild vegetables for alleviating human dietary deficiencies. S Afr J Bot 72(4):492–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2006.02.003
Galani VJ, Patel BG, Rana DG (2010) Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: a phytopharmacological review. Int J Ayurveda Res 1(4):247–253. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.76790
García-Herrera P, Sánchez-Mata MC, Cámara M, Fernández-Ruiz V, Díez-Marqués C, Molina M, Tardío J (2014) Nutrient composition of six wild edible Mediterranean Asteraceae plants of dietary interest. J Food Compos Anal 34(2):163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2014.02.009
Garcia-Oliveira P, Barral M, Carpena M, Gullón P, Fraga-Corral M, Otero P et al (2021) Traditional plants from Asteraceae family as potential candidates for functional food industry. Food Funct 12(7):2850–2873. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0FO03433A
Garekae H, Shackleton CM (2020) Foraging wild food in urban spaces: the contribution of wild foods to urban dietary diversity in South Africa. Sustainability 12(2):678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020678
Gaur RD, Sharma J, Painuli RM (2010) Plants used in traditional healthcare of livestock by Gujjar community of Sub-Himalayan tracts, Uttarakhand, India. Indian J Nat Prod Resourc 1(2):243–248
GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators (2020) Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396(10258):1223–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2
Ghosh-Jerath S, Kapoor R, Singh A, Downs S, Barman S, Fanzo J (2020) Leveraging traditional ecological knowledge and access to nutrient-rich indigenous foods to help achieve SDG 2: An Analysis of the indigenous foods of Sauria Paharias, a vulnerable tribal community in Jharkhand, India. Front Nutr 7:61. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00061
Ghosh-Jerath S, Kapoor R, Barman S, Singh G, Singh A, Downs S et al (2021) Traditional food environment and factors affecting indigenous food consumption in Munda tribal community of Jharkhand, India. Front Nutr. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.600470
Golait S, Auti S, Laware S (2021) Documentation of wild edible leafy vegetable traditionally used by tribal and rural communities of North Maharashtra, India. Plantae Scientia 4(3):148–159. https://doi.org/10.32439/ps.v4i3.148-159
Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K, Kumar DS (2016) Moringa oleifera: a review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food Sci Hum Wellness 5(2):49–56
Guha Bakshi DN (1984) Flora of Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India. Scientific Publishers, India
Guha G, Rajkumar V, Ashok Kumar R, Mathew L (2011) Therapeutic potential of polar and non-polar extracts of Cyanthillium cinereum in vitro. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011:784826. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep155
Güneş S, Savran A, Paksoy MY, Çakılcıoğlu U (2018) Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Karaisalı (Adana-Turkey). Indian J Tradit Knowl 17(2):290–298
Gupta S, Gowri BS, Lakshmi AJ, Prakash J (2013) Retention of nutrients in green leafy vegetables on dehydration. Int J Food Sci Technol 50(5):918–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0407-z
Gupta PK (2006) Soil, Plant, Water and Fertilizer Analysis. Agrobios Agro House, Jodhpur, India
Heinrich M, Verpoorte R (2014) Good practice in ethnopharmacology and other sciences relying on taxonomic nomenclature. J Ethnopharmacol 152(3):385–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.016
Heinrich M, Lardos A, Leonti M, Weckerle C, Willcox M, Applequist W et al (2018) Best Practice in research: consensus statement onethnopharmacological field studies - ConSEFS. J Ethnopharmacol 211:329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.015
Hiradeve SM, Rangari VD (2014) Elephantopus scaber Linn.: a review on its ethnomedical, phytochemical and pharmacological profile. J Appl Biomed 12(2):49–61
Horo S, Topno S (2015) Lesser known wild leafy vegetables consumed by “Ho” tribes of W. Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, India. J Med Plants 3:155–159
Hossan MS, Hanif A, Khan M, Bari S, Jahan R, Rahmatullah M (2009) Ethnobotanical survey of the Tripura tribe of Bangladesh. Am-Eurasian J Sustain Agric 3(2):253–261
Huang WY, Zhang HC, Liu WX, Li CY (2012) Survey of antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry in Nanjing. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 13(2):94–102. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1100137
Hussain J, Khan AL, Rehman N, Hamayun M, Shah T, Nisar M et al (2009) Proximate and nutrient analysis of selected vegetable species: a case study of Karak region, Pakistan. African J Biotechnol 8(12):2725–2729
Ijinu TP, Anish N, Shiju H, George V, Pushpangadan P (2011) Home gardens for nutritional and primary health security of rural poor of South Kerala. Indian J Tradit Knowl 10(3):413–428
International Society of Ethnobiology (2006). International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics (With 2008 Additions). http://ethnobiology.net/code-of-ethics/ Accessed 23 February 2015
Ishtiaq M, Maqbool M, Ajaib M, Ahmed M, Hussain I, Khanam H et al (2021) Ethnomedicinal and folklore inventory of wild plants used by rural communities of valley Samahni, District Bhimber Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. PLoS ONE 16(1):e0243151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243151
Jadhav R, Datar MN, Upadhye AS (2015) Forest foods of Northern Western Ghats: mode of consumption, nutrition, and availability. Asian Agri-Hist 19(4):293–316
Jagadeeswary V, Reddy MS, Satyanarayan K (2014) Ethno-veterinary practices used by tribals of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian J Anim Res 48(3):251–257
Jain SK (1999) Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary Plants of India. Deep Publications, New Delhi, India
Jain SK (2012) Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany. Deep publications, New Delhi, India
Jain V, Jain SK (2016) Compendium of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany (1991–2015). Deep publications, New Delhi, India
Jain SK, Rao RR (1977) A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India
Jan M, Mir TA, Ganie AH, Khare RK (2021) Ethnomedicinal use of some plant species by Gujjar and Bakerwal community in Gulmarg Mountainous Region of Kashmir Himalaya. Ethnobot Res Appl 21:1–23. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.21.38.1-23
Jaramillo JC, Jaramillo-Espinoza A, D’Armas H, Troccoli L, Rojas de Astudillo L (2016) Concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenols and saponins in selected medicinal plants from Ecuador and their relationship with acute toxicity against Artemia salina. Rev Biol Trop 64(3):1171–1184
Johnson C, Santos JA, Sparks E, Raj TS, Mohan S, Garg V et al (2019) Sources of dietary salt in North and South India Estimated from 24 hour dietary recall. Nutrients 11(2):318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020318
Kaltner F (2022) Fate of food-relevant toxic plant alkaloids during food processing or storing and analytical strategies to unveil potential transformation products. J Agric Food Chem 70(20):5975–5981. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01489
Kfle G, Asgedom G, Goje T, Abbebe F, Habtom L, Hanes H (2020) The level of heavy metal contamination in selected vegetables and animal feed grasses grown in wastewater irrigated area, around Asmara. Eritrea J Chem 7:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1359710
Khare CP (2008) Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer, New York
Kilgour OFG (1986) Mastering Nutrition. Macmillan Education Ltd., London, UK
Koc S, Isgor BS, Isgor YG, Shomali Moghaddam N, Yildirim O (2015) The potential medicinal value of plants from Asteraceae family with antioxidant defense enzymes as biological targets. Pharm Biol 53(5):746–751. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.942788
Kogure M, Nakaya N, Hirata T, Tsuchiya N, Nakamura T, Narita A et al (2021) Sodium/potassium ratio change was associated with blood pressure change: possibility of population approach for sodium/potassium ratio reduction in health checkup. Hypertens Res 44(2):225–231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-00536-7
Konsam S, Thongam B, Handique AK (2016) Assessment of wild leafy vegetables traditionally consumed by the ethnic communities of Manipur, northeast India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 12(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0080-4
Kumar SS, Manoj P, Giridhar P (2015) Nutrition facts and functional attributes of foliage of Basella spp. LWT-Food Sci Technol 64(1):468–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.05.017
Kumari B, Solanki H (2019) The traditional knowledge of wild edible leaf used by tribal people in Chhattisgarh. Int J Plant Animal Env Sci 5(4):284–292. https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v5i04.9
Laldingliani T, Thangjam NM, Zomuanawma R, Bawitlung L, Pal A, Kumar A (2022) Ethnomedicinal study of medicinal plants used by Mizo tribes in Champhai district of Mizoram, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 18(1):22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00520-0
Lawal IO, Rafiu BO, Ale JE, Majebi OE, Aremu AO (2022) Ethnobotanical survey of local flora used for medicinal purposes among indigenous people in five areas in Lagos State, Nigeria. Plants 11(5):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050633
Lone PA, Bhardwaj AK, Bahar FA (2015) Study of indigenous/traditional medicinal plant knowledge-An endeavour towards new drug discovery. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 12(2):73–95. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v12i2.14
Lonsdale D (2006) A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 3(1):49–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nek009
Luczaj L, Pieroni A, Tardío J, Pardo-de-Santayana M, Sõukand R, Svanberg I et al (2012) Wild food plant use in 21st century Europe, the disapperance of old traditions and the search for new ciusines involving wild edibles. Acta Soc Bot Pol 81(4):359–370. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2012.031
Luo L, Wang B, Jiang J, Fitzgerald M, Huang Q, Yu Z et al (2021) Heavy metal contaminations in herbal medicines: determination, comprehensive risk assessments, and solutions. Front Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.595335
Madariaga-Mazón A, Hernández-Alvarado RB, Noriega-Colima KO, Osnaya-Hernández A, Martinez-Mayorga K (2019) Toxicity of secondary metabolites. Phys Sci Rev. https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2018-0116
Malik EP, Singh MB (1980) Plant enzymology and histoenzymology. Kalyani Publisher, Delhi, India
Mallick SN, Sahoo T, Naik SK, Panda PC (2020) Ethnobotanical study of wild edible food plants used by the tribals and rural populations of Odisha, India for food and livelihood security. Plant Arch 20(1):661–669. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.861577
Mandal SK, Rahaman CH (2022) Inventorization and consensus analysis of ethnoveterinary medicinal knowledge among the local people in eastern India: perception, cultural significance, and resilience. Front Pharmacol 13:861577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.861577
Mandal SK, Rahaman CH (2014) Determination of informants’ consensus and documentation of ethnoveterinary practices from Birbhum District of West Bengal, India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 13(4):742–751
Manoranjitham M, Kamaraj M (2016) Study on usage of medicinal plants for human diseases by the traditional healers of Pachamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. J Appl Adv Res 1(2):1–6
McCready RM, Guggolz JS, Silviera V, Owens HS (1950) Determination of starch and amylose in vegetables. Anal Chem 22:1156–1158
McCrickerd K, Forde CG (2016) Sensory influences on food intake control: moving beyond palatability. Obes Rev 17(1):18–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12340
Michel J, Abd Rani NZ, Husain K (2020) A review on the potential use of medicinal plants from Asteraceae and Lamiaceae plant family in cardiovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol 11:852. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00852
Michell KA, Isweiri H, Newman SE, Bunning M, Bellows LL, Dinges MM et al (2020) Microgreens: consumer sensory perception and acceptance of an emerging functional food crop. J Food Sci 85(4):926–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15075
Mishra D (2013) Cattle wounds and ethnoveterinary medicine: a study in Polasara block, Ganjam district, Orissa, India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 12(1):62–65
Mishra A, Swamy SL, Thakur TK, Bhat R, Bijalwan A, Kumar A (2021) Use of wild edible plants: can they meet the dietary and nutritional needs of indigenous communities in Central India. Foods 10(7):1453. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071453
Misra S, Maikhuri RK, Kala CP, Rao KS, Saxena KG (2008) Wild leafy vegetables: a study of their subsistence dietetic support to the inhabitants of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 4(1):1–9
Mosmann T (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxic assay. J Immunol Methods 65:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
Mudgil D, Barak S (2013) Composition, properties and health benefits of indigestible carbohydrate polymers as dietary fiber: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 61:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.044
Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW (2000) Harper's Illus. Biochem. Health Profession Division, USA
Murtem G, Chaudhry P (2016) An ethnobotanical note on wild edible plants of Upper Eastern Himalaya, India. Braz J Biol Sci 3(5):63–81
Namsa ND, Mandal M, Tangjang S, Mandal SC (2011) Ethnobotany of the Monpa ethnic group at Arunachal Pradesh, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 7(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-31
Narayanan MR, Anilkumar N, Balakrishnan V, Sivadasan M, Alfarhan HA, Alatar AA (2011) Wild edible plants used by the Kattunaikka, Paniya and Kuruma tribes of Wayanad District, Kerala, India. J Med Plant Res 5(15):3520–3529. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9001295
Nasri H, Shirzad H (2013) Toxicity and safety of medicinal plants. J HerbMed Pharmacol 2(2):21–22
NMPB (2015) Standard for Good Field Collection Practices of Medicinal Plants. New Delhi, India: National Medicinal Plants Board, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. https://www.nmpb.nic.in/sites/default/files/STANDARD_FOR_GFCP2.pdf. Accessed 12 January 2023
Nurianti YELVIA, Hendriani RINI, Sukandar EY, Anggadiredja KUSNANDAR (2014) Acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies of ethyl acetate extract of sonchus arvensis L. leaves. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 6(5):343–347
Olivier DK, van Wyk BE (2013) Bitterness values for traditional tonic plants of southern Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 147(3):676–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.059
Opazo-Navarrete M, Burgos-Díaz C, Soto-Cerda B, Barahona T, Anguita-Barrales F, Mosi-Roa Y (2021) Assessment of the nutritional value of traditional vegetables from Southern Chile as potential sources of natural ingredients. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 76(4):523–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-021-00935-2
Pal DC, Jain SK (1998) Tribal Medicine. Naya Prokash, Kolkata, India.
Panda A, Misra MK (2011) Ethnomedicinal survey of some wetland plants of South Orissa and their conservation. Indian J Tradit Knowl 10(2):296–303
Panfili G, Niro S, Bufano A, D’Agostino A, Fratianni A, Paura B, Falasca L, Cinquanta L (2020) Bioactive compounds in wild Asteraceae edible plants consumed in the Mediterranean diet. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 75(4):540–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-020-00842-y
Paria ND (2005) Medicinal Plant Resources of South West Bengal. Research Wing, Directorate of Forests, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
Paṭiri B, Borah A (2007) Wild edible plants of Assam. Director Forest Communication, Office of the PCCF
Peiris KPP, Silva GKJ, Ratnasooriya WD (2001) Analgesic activity of water extract of Spilanthes acmella flowers on rats. J Trop Med Plants 2(2):201–204
Padhan B, Panda D (2015) Wild Edible Plant Diversity and its Ethno-medicinal use by Indigenous Tribes of Koraput, Odisha, India. Res J Agric Forest Sci 3(9):1–10
Plants of the World Online Retrieved on 19 April 2023 (https://powo.science.kew.org/)
Prajapati K, Singh D, Mishra SB, Dubey P, Sangameswaran B (2008) Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Leaves of Tridax procumbens L. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:1283–1289
Prasad AS (2013) Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease. Adv Nutr 4(2):176–190. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003210
Prasad AD, Shyma TB (2013) Medicinal plants used by the tribes of Vythiri taluk, Wayanad district (Kerala state) for the treatment of human and domestic animal ailments. J Med Plant Res 7(20):1439–1451. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.841
Randhawa MA, Khan AA, Javed MS, Sajid MW (2015) Green leafy vegetables: a health promoting source. In: Watson RR (ed) Handbook of fertility. Academic Press, USA, pp 205–220
Ranjan V, Lakshminarasimhan P, Dash SS, Chowdhery HJ (2016) Flora of West Bengal-Apiaceae to Boraginaceae, vol III. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta
Ray A, Ray R, Sreevidya EA (2020) How many wild edible plants do we eat—their diversity, use, and implications for sustainable food system: an exploratory analysis in India. Front Sustain Food Syst 4:56. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00056
RDA (2020) Revised Recommended Dietary Allowance from NIN & ICMR for Indian. https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/RDA_short_report%281%29.pdf Accessed 27 November 2022
Reddy KN, Subbaraju GV, Reddy CS, Raju VS (2006) Ethnoveterinary medicine for treating livestock in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Tradit Knowl 5(3):368–372
Reddy KN, Pattanaik C, Reddy CS, Raju VS (2007) Traditional knowledge on wild food plants in Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Tradit Knowl 6(1):223–229
Reyes-García V, Menendez-Baceta G, Aceituno-Mata L, Acosta-Naranjo R, Calvet-Mir L, Domínguez P et al (2015) From famine foods to delicatessen: interpreting trends in the use of wild edible plants through cultural ecosystem services. Ecol Econ 120:303–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.11.003
Ritchie H, Reay DS, Higgins P (2018) Quantifying, projecting, and addressing India’s hidden hunger. Front Sustain Food Syst 2:11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2018.00011
Rolnik A, Olas B (2021) The plants of the Asteraceae Family as agents in the protection of human health. Int J Mol Sci 22(6):3009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063009
Roy D, Das K, Nandi P, Kundu S, Ghosh B, Sharath AA (2015) Kendu-a promising underutilized forest fruit species for poverty alleviation of tribals. Acta Hortic 1241:711–716. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1241.103
Saha MR, Sarker DD, Sen A (2014) Ethnoveterinary practices among the tribal community of Malda district of West Bengal, India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 13(2):359–367
Saikia P, Kumar R (2020) Wild edible plants of Jharkhand and their utilitarian perspectives. Indian J Tradit Knowl 19(2):237–250
Samuels J (2015) Biodiversity of food species of the Solanaceae family: a preliminary taxonomic inventory of subfamily Solanoideae. Resources 4:277–322. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources4020277
Santhosh MS, Nagashree N, Singh AK (2020) Assessment of traditional medicine knowledge in Balehonnur, Chikkamagalur district of Karnataka, India. Eco Env Cons 26(1):163–170
Santhosh Kumar JU, Krishna Chaitanya MJ, Semotiuk AJ, Krishna V (2019) Indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by ethnic communities of South India. Ethnobot Res Appl 18:1–112. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.18.4.1-112
Sanyal MN (1994) Flora of Bankura District, West Bengal. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, India
Satovic Z (2016) Medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae as functional foods–a review. Czech J Food Sci 34(5):377–390. https://doi.org/10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
Saunders J, Smith T (2010) Malnutrition: causes and consequences. Clin Med 10(6):624–627. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.10-6-624
Seal T (2011) Determination of nutritive value, mineral contents and antioxidant activity of some wild edible plants from Meghalaya state, India. Asian J Appl Sci 4(3):238–246
Şenkardeş İ, Bulut G, Doğan A, Tuzlacı E (2019) An ethnobotanical analysis on wild edible plants of the Turkish Asteraceae Taxa. Agric Conspec Sci 84(1):17–28
Sharif A, Shah NA, Rauf A, Hadayat N, Gul A, Nawaz G et al (2022) Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for various diseases in the remote areas of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan. Braz J Biol 84:e255916. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.255916
Sharma A, Nagpal AK (2020) Contamination of vegetables with heavy metals across the globe: hampering food security goal. J Food Sci Technol 57(2):391–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04053-5
Sharma A, Katnoria JK, Nagpal AK (2016) Heavy metals in vegetables: screening health risks involved in cultivation along wastewater drain and irrigating with wastewater. Springerplus 5(1):1–16
Shikov AN, Tsitsilin AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarov VG, Heinrich M (2017) Traditional and current food use of wild plants listed in the Russian pharmacopoeia. Front Pharmacol 8:841. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00841
Shinwari MI, Khan MA (2000) Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla hills national park, Islamabad. J Ethnopharmacol 69(1):45–56
Shylesh BS, Padikkala J (2000) In vitro cytotoxic and antitumor property of Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 73(3):495–500
Sikarwar RLS, Tiwari AP (2020) A review of plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine in Central India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 19(3):617–634
Silva-Beltrán NP, Ruiz-Cruz S, Cira-Chávez LA, Estrada-Alvarado MI, Ornelas-Paz J, López-Mata MA et al (2015) Total phenolic, flavonoid, tomatine, and tomatidine contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts of tomato plant. Int J Anal Chem 2015:284071. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/284071
Singh A, Singh SN (2015) Dietary fiber content of Indian diets. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 8(3):58–61
Singh B, Singh B, Kishor A, Singh S, Bhat MN, Surmal O et al (2020) Exploring plant-based ethnomedicine and quantitative ethnopharmacology: medicinal plants utilized by the population of Jasrota Hill in Western Himalaya. Sustainability 12(18):7526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187526
Singh SK, Beg MJ (2015) Ethnomedicinal plants of Asteraceae from Chitrakoot area of Satna District (MP). Indian J Appl Pure Bio 30(1):55–60
Singh LR, Rani V (2019) Food and nutritional security through edible leafy wild vegetables constituting the food environment of tribal and other forest dwellers in the Jharkhand State of India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem SP5:255–263
Singh G, Passsari AK, Leo VV, Mishra VK, Subbarayan S, Singh BP et al (2016) Evaluation of phenolic content variability along with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential of selected traditional medicinal plants from India. Front Plant Sci 7:407. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00407
Sivakumar A, Murugesan M (2005) Ethnobotanical studies on the wild edible plants used by the tribals of anaimalai hills, the Western ghats. Anc Sci Life 25(2):69–73
Sivaprasad M, Shalini T, Reddy PY, Seshacharyulu M, Madhavi G, Kumar BN et al (2019) Prevalence of vitamin deficiencies in an apparently healthy urban adult population: Assessed by subclinical status and dietary intakes. Nutrition 63–64:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.01.017
Smith MR, DeFries R, Chhatre A, Ghosh-Jerath S, Myers SS (2019) Inadequate zinc intake in India: past, present, and future. Food Nutr Bull 40(1):26–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572118825176
Souci SW, Fachmann W, Kraut H (2008) Food Composition and Nutrition Tables. MedPharm, Stuttgart
Stiller CK, Golembiewski S, Golembiewski M, Mondal S, Biesalski HK, Scherbaum V (2020) Prevalence of undernutrition and anemia among Santal Adivasi children, Birbhum District, West Bengal, India. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(1):342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010342
Sulaiman FR, Ibrahim NH, Syed Ismail SN (2020) Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risks. SN Appl Sci 2:1430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03231-x
Suwannasom N, Kao I, Pruß A, Georgieva R, Bäumler H (2020) Riboflavin: the health benefits of a forgotten natural vitamin. Int J Mol Sci 21(3):950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030950
Taram M, Borah D, Rubu R, Tag H (2018) Wild food plant resources of Komkar Adi tribe of Upper Siang district in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bull Arunachal Forest Res 33(2):27–35
Taram M, Rinyo R, Gammi L, Yanggi K, Nangkar A, Hui PK et al (2019) Diversity of ethnobotanically significant angiospermic weeds in Siang Belt of Arunachal Himalayan Region in India. Pleione 13(2):336–345
Tardío J, Pardo-de-Santayana M, Morales R (2006) Ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants in Spain. Bot J Linn Soc 152(1):27–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00549.x
Thaipong K, Boonprakob U, Crosby K, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Byrne DH (2006) Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. J Food Compost Anal 19(6–7):669–675
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) (2020) Retrieved on 28 April 2023 (https://www.fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Compendium_Contaminants_Regulations_20_08_2020.pdf)
Timalsina D, Devkota HP (2021) Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae): Ethnomedicinal Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Biological Activities. Biomolecules 11(11):1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111738
Tiwari KL, Jadhav SK, Joshi V (2011) An updated review on medicinal herb genus Spilanthes. Chin J Integr Med 9(11):1170–1178
Tontisirin K, Nantel G, Bhattacharjee L (2002) Food-based strategies to meet the challenges of micronutrient malnutrition in the developing world. Proc Nutr Soc 61(2):243–250. https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2002155
Tschinkel PF, Melo ES, Pereira HS, Silva K, Arakaki DG, Lima NV et al (2020) The hazardous level of heavy metals in different medicinal plants and their decoctions in water: a public health problem in Brazil. Biomed Res Int 2020:1465051. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1465051
Uniyal B, Shiva V (2005) Traditional knowledge on medicinal plants among rural women of the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. Indian J Tradit Knowl 4(3):259–266
Venkatesh U, Sharma A, Ananthan VA, Subbiah P, Durga R (2021) Micronutrient’s deficiency in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Sci 10:e110. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2021.102
Verma RK (2014) An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhand, Central India. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4(Suppl 1):S460–S467. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1067
Wali AF, Jabnoun S, Razmpoor M, Najeeb F, Shalabi H, Akbar I (2022) Account of some important edible medicinal plants and their socio-economic importance. In: Masoodi MH, Rehman MU (eds) Edible Plants in Health and Diseases. Springer, Singapore, pp 325–367
Welcome AK, Van Wyk BE (2019) An inventory and analysis of the food plants of southern Africa. S Afr J Bot 122:136–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.11.003
Wiedenfeld H (2011) Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: toxicity and problems. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 28(3):282–292
Winiarska-Mieczan A, Kowalczuk-Vasilev E, Kwiatkowska K, Kwiecień M, Baranowska-Wójcik E, Kiczorowska B et al (2019) Dietary Intake and content of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in selected cereal products marketed in Poland. Biol Trace Elem Res 187(2):568–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1384-0
Xavier TF, Kannan M, Lija L, Auxillia A, Rose AKF, Senthilkumar S (2014) Ethnobotanical study of Kani tribes in Thoduhills of Kerala. South India J Ethnopharmacol 152(1):78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.016
Xu Y, Liang D, Wang GT, Wen J, Wang RJ (2020) Nutritional and functional properties of wild food-medicine plants from the coastal region of South China. J Evid-Based Integr Med 25:2515690X20913267. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X20913267
Yadav SS, Bhukal RK, Bhandoria MS, Ganie SA, Gulia SK, Raghav TBS (2014) Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Tosham block of district Bhiwani (Haryana) India. J Appl Pharm Sci 4(6):40–48. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2014.40606
Yanagisawa T, Misaka T (2021) Characterization of the human bitter taste receptor response to sesquiterpene lactones from edible asteraceae species and suppression of bitterness through pH control. ACS Omega 6(6):4401–4407. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05599
Zhang L, Ravipati AS, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Reddy N, Smith PT et al (2011) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected medicinal plants containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds. J Agric Food Chem 59(23):12361–12367. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf203146e
Zhang L, Chai Z, Zhang Y, Geng Y, Wang Y (2016) Ethnobotanical study of traditional edible plants used by the Naxi people during droughts. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 12(1):39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0113-z
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W (1999) The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 64(4):555–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
Acknowledgements
We thank the Department of Botany (DST-FIST and UGC-DRS SAP-II supported), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan and Department of Botany, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur for necessary facilities and administrative support. We express our gratitude to all the participants of the study area for sharing their valuable traditional knowledge.
Funding
The authors recieved no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SS & CHR designed the work; SS & SKM conducted the field survey, collected ethnomedicinal data; SS, SS, SKM & CHR analyzed the data; SS performed the vitamin and heavy metal analysis and in vitro toxicity; SS, SKM & CHR wrote the manuscript and checked critically; all the authors finalized the draft.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saha, S., Saha, S., Mandal, S.K. et al. Unconventional but valuable phytoresources: exploring the nutritional benefits of 18 wild edible Asteraceae from West Bengal, India. Genet Resour Crop Evol 70, 2161–2192 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01621-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01621-9