Abstract
Multiple factors threaten the conservation of crop wild relatives (CWR), such as habitat transformation and fragmentation, rapid environmental changes, introduction of invasive species, urbanization, and introduction of genetically modified organisms. Moreover, in regions where CWR coexist with their domesticated counterparts, reductions of genetic diversity and local extinction of wild populations due to homogenization in allelic frequencies, are expected. Nowadays, papaya plantations in Mexico extend over large areas including the natural distribution of its wild relative, potentially favoring genetic exchange between wild and domesticated plants. In this study, we evaluated the potential distribution of wild papaya and analyzed the genetic diversity and structure, using microsatellites and cpDNA markers, to identify the evolutionary units and possible events of gene flow within the wild-to-domesticated complex of papaya, including conventional and transgenic domesticated plants in Mexico. The potential distribution showed a good climatic suitability for the tropical regions of the Pacific coast, the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula. We identified large evolutionary units for wild plants and evidence of gene flow from papaya plantations to wild units. Wild papaya units in the vicinity of papaya plantations showed reduced genetic diversity, owing to the highly reduced genetic diversity in domesticated plants. No evidence was found of the presence of transgenes in wild populations and plantations of papaya throughout Mexico. Our findings raise concerns about the maintenance of CWR gene pools and the need for improved management and conservation strategies for Carica papaya in its center of origin, domestication and diversification.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Pilar Suárez-Montes and Rosalinda Tapia-López for their assistance in obtaining part of the genetic data. To the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Institute of Biology of the UNAM and to its academic technicians in charge, for their support in the laboratory work. We thank Gabriel Dzib, Matilde Otriz García and Erika Dzib Quintal for their support with field and laboratory work. for We are very grateful to the herbariums CICY, MEXU, UADY, NYBG, ENCB, XAL and Los Tuxtlas Biological Station, UNAM for the support to our study. This work was supported by the grants from Dirección General del Sector Primario y Recursos Naturales Renovables (DGSPRNR) belonging to the SEMARMAT and coordinated by CONABIO (WQ003) awarded to JNF and MCP, CONACyT Ciencia Básica 2017-2018 (A1-S-14559) awarded to MCP, and PAPIIT-UNAM (IN214719) awarded to AW. This study constitutes part of the PhD research of PJRG, who received a scholarship from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, CVU. 774517) and extends thanks to the Posgrado en Ciencias Biólogicas, CICY. VA (CONACyT, CVU. 1033774) and SRP (CONACyT, CVU. 776199) also thank their CONACyT support respectively and the Posgrado en Ciencias, UNAM. Finally, we are grateful for the support of all people in the communities where our study was developed for their time and interest in sharing their knowledge.
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The authors were supported by grants from Dirección General del Sector Primario y Recursos Naturales Renovables (DGSPRNR) belonging to the SEMARMAT and coordinated by CONABIO, project number WQ003, and from Ciencia Básica CONACYT 2017–2018 (A1-S-14559), and PAPIIT-UNAM (IN214719).
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This project was conceptualized by MCP, JNF and AW. Data collection was led by MCP, JNF and AW. Material preparation and labwork were led by MCP and SRP. PJRG, VA, SRP, AW and MCP conducted the analyses. PJRG, AW, and MCP wrote and revised the manuscript. VA and JNF provided valuable inputs for the improvement of the final manuscript. The funding for this work was acquired by MCP, JNF and AW. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ruiz-Gil, P.J., Wegier, A., Alavez, V. et al. Wild papaya shows evidence of gene flow from domesticated Maradol papaya in Mexico. Genet Resour Crop Evol 70, 2391–2410 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01568-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01568-x