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Size matters: evolution of large drug-secreting resin glands in elite pharmaceutical strains of Cannabis sativa (marijuana)

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution volume 63, pages 349–359 (2016)Cite this article

Abstract

Most tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) of Cannabis sativa is located in the resin heads of capitate-stalked glandular trichomes. We found that after harvest the resin heads shrink in diameter in exponential decay fashion under ambient room conditions, losing about 15 % in the first month, rising to 24 % over the first year, 32 % by 50 years, and 34 % after a century. An equation accounting for the asymptotic curve descriptive of the progression of shrinkage was determined [original gland head diameter in microns = observed diameter divided by (0.5255 + 0.4745 multiplied by time in days to the power −0.1185)], so that if the age of a specimen is known, the original diameter of the gland heads in the fresh state can be extrapolated. This equation was employed to compare gland head size in samples of different ages. A sample of high-THC medical marijuana strains marketed under license possessed resin head diameters averaging 129 μm, while a sample of low-THC industrial hemp cultivars possessed gland head diameters averaging 80 μm. The mean volume of the resin heads of the narcotic strains was more than four times larger than that of the industrial hemp strains. This is the first documented report of a consistent morphological separator of elite narcotic strains and non-narcotic plants. Most recognized strains of marijuana were bred clandestinely and illicitly during the last half century. The occurrence of large resin gland heads in a sample of officially marketed pharmaceutical strains is an obvious correlate of selection for higher quantity of resin production.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Nicholas Boileau, Brenda Brookes and Tanya Antle for technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saunders Building (#49), Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada

    Ernest Small

  2. Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada

    Steve G. U. Naraine

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  2. Steve G. U. Naraine
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Correspondence to Ernest Small.

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Small, E., Naraine, S.G.U. Size matters: evolution of large drug-secreting resin glands in elite pharmaceutical strains of Cannabis sativa (marijuana). Genet Resour Crop Evol 63, 349–359 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0254-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0254-2

Keywords

  • Cannabinoids
  • Cannabis sativa
  • Glandular trichomes
  • Hemp
  • Marijuana
  • THC