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Genetic structure and eco-geographical adaptation of garlic landraces (Allium sativum L.) in Iran

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution volume 61, pages 1565–1580 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

In this study we present the genetic analysis of freshly collected garlic landraces (Allium sativum L.) along an eco-geographical transect from northeastern to western Iran covering seven different provinces using ISSR and RAPD markers. A total of 52 polymorphic loci were detected among 31 landrace populations. The percentage of polymorphic bands, the mean effective number of alleles, and the mean gene diversity were 38.82 %, 1.54, and 0.32, respectively. Genetic principal co-ordinate analysis and Structure analysis using 52 polymorphic loci indicated that the germplasm could be divided into two major groups. Principal component analysis (PCA), using geographical and environmental variables suggested the role of both geographical and environmental adaptation in driving and maintaining genetic differentiation between the major groups. In addition, our results showed that the combination of latitude, altitude, and precipitation explains the highest proportion of the variance in the PCA of eco-geographical data. This study shows that geographical and environmental factors together created stronger and more discrete genetic differentiation than isolation by distance alone. These findings emphasize the importance of environmental selection in shaping patterns of genetic structure inferred in Iranian garlic germplasm. We suggest that action should be immediately taken for collecting, protecting and evaluating the genetic diversity of garlic landraces before they disappear in Iran.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the research and innovation deputy of the Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch for providing the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 618, Sanandaj, Iran

    Salar Shaaf & Ezzat Karami

  2. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank/Genome Diversity, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany

    Rajiv Sharma & Benjamin Kilian

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 460, 40530, Göthenburg, Sweden

    Alexander Walther

  4. Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, 01330, Adana, Turkey

    Hakan Özkan

  5. Department of Horticultural Science, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran

    Bahram Mohammadi

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  1. Salar Shaaf
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  2. Rajiv Sharma
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  3. Benjamin Kilian
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Correspondence to Salar Shaaf.

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Shaaf, S., Sharma, R., Kilian, B. et al. Genetic structure and eco-geographical adaptation of garlic landraces (Allium sativum L.) in Iran. Genet Resour Crop Evol 61, 1565–1580 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-014-0131-4

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Keywords

  • Allium sativum
  • Climate
  • Environmental adaptation
  • Genetic structure
  • Iran
  • Isolation by distance