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Studies on the partial characterization of extracted glycosaminoglycans from fish waste and its potentiality in modulating obesity through in-vitro and in-vivo

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Abstract

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are bioactive polysaccharides or glycoconjugates found in the fish waste having significant health impacts. In the present study it has been attempted to extract GAGs from mackerel fish waste through chemical and enzymatic methods. Further, the extracted GAGs (e-GAGs) were analyzed for their composition (uronic acid, total sugar & sulfate), chemical characterization was carried out through techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) & Proton NMR. Further, probable major GAGs present was identified by enzymatic digestion. The biological potential of the extracted glycoconjugate was assessed further through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In-vitro biological activity showed good lipase inhibition (IC50, 2.6 mg/mL) and bile acid binding properties (dose-dependent). Lipid accumulation lowered in the e-GAGs differentiated 3T3L1 preadipocyte cells have also been observed. The high fat fed animal (in-vivo) study showed ameliorative effect via reducing blood sugar∼1.28↓, lipid profile↓, plasma insulin∼3.5↓, improved glucose tolerance, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, ∼3.0↓). Furthermore, elimination of bile acid (BA) due to GAG-BA binding properties resultant in removal of elevated fecal triglyceride and cholesterol suggesting its lipid lowering activity. Regulation of various proteins linked to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism including fatty acid synthase (FAS), low density lipoproteins receptor (LDL-R), 7α-hydroxylase, glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) were significant (p < 0.05) with e-GAGs treatment when compared to HFD group. Thus, the e-GAGs showed potential hypolipidemic activity through elimination of bile acid binding property together with regulating the specific protein related to obesity and its associated complications.

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Data Availability

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and in supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Director, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India, for constant support and encourage, also acknowledgement goes to Vijnana Bhavana-a central instrumentation facility as Institution of Excellence (IOE) of University of Mysore, Mysuru for the Scanning Electron Microscopy facility.

Funding

Author Geetha V would like to thank Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi for ICMR-SRF Fellowship (Grant # 3/1/2/94/2018-Nut). Fund for the work is supported by the MLP-245 and GAP-561.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, 570 020, Mysore, India

    Geetha V, Moumita Das, Mehrdad Zarei, Mayookha VP & Suresh Kumar G

  2. Department of Spices and Flavour Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, 570 020, Mysore, India

    Nanishankar V Harohally

  3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India

    Moumita Das, Mayookha VP & Suresh Kumar G

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Animal experiment was conducted in male C57BL/6 mice (20-22 g). The animal studies had the Institutional Animal Ethics committee clearance (IAEC #150/2019), it was cleared from CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru. Animal procedures were performed in compliance with 3R’s ethical rules which are followed in animal experimentation. Sincere efforts were made to minimize the suffering, and the numbers of animals were maintained to get the statistical data comparisons.

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V, G., Das, M., Zarei, M. et al. Studies on the partial characterization of extracted glycosaminoglycans from fish waste and its potentiality in modulating obesity through in-vitro and in-vivo. Glycoconj J 39, 525–542 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-022-10077-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-022-10077-5

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