Abstract
The present study investigates the coupling of the hyperbolic potential and conformal Liouville potential to the phonon field in two-dimensional gravity. The specific values of the horizon coordinate, Hawking temperature, phonon mass, and fluid velocity were calculated, and the change in physical quantities with the field coefficient \(\delta\) and central charge c was discussed. In the hyperbolic potential model, it was found that the phonon was very similar to the Higgs particle. The size of the horizon was 10 µm, the magnitude of the Hawking temperature was 1 nK, the magnitude of the fluid velocity was 1 mm/s, and the magnitude of the Higgs phonon mass was between 10–8 eV and 10–7 eV. In the conformal Liouville model, it was found that the variation trend of each physical quantity in the different branches was opposite, the size of the horizon was 10 µm, the magnitude of the Hawking temperature was between 0.1 and 1.0 nK, the magnitude of the fluid velocity was 1 mm/s, and the magnitude of the conformal phonon mass was 10–7 eV. The calculation results of the present study were basically consistent with the results obtained by Barcelo and Steinhauer et al., but completely different physical models and new calculation methods were used.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Unruh, W.G.: Experimental black-hole evaporation? Phys Rev Lett 46, 1351–1353 (1981)
Barcelo, C., Liberati, S., Visser, M.: Analogue gravity. Living Rev in Relativ 14, 3 (2011)
Faccio, D., Belgiorno, F., Cacciatori, S., et al.: Analogue gravity phenomenology: analogue space-times and horizons, from theory to experiment. Springer, Berlin (2013)
Volovik, G.E.: The universe in a helium droplet. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2003)
Garay, L., Anglin, J., Cirac, J., Zoller, P.: Sonic analog of gravitational black holes in Bose–Einstein condensates. Phys Rev Lett 85, 4643–4647 (2000)
Garay, L., Anglin, J., Cirac, J., Zoller, P.: Sonic black holes in dilute Bose–Einstein condensates. Phys Rev A 63, 023611 (2001)
Steinhauer, J.: Observation of self-amplifying Hawking radiation in an analogue black-hole laser. Nat Phys 10, 1632–1638 (2014)
Balbinot, R., et al.: Nonlocal density correlations as a signature of Hawking radiation from acoustic black holes. Phys Rev A 78, 021603 (2008)
Balbinot, R., et al.: Testing Hawking particle creation by black holes through correlation measurements. Int J Mod Phys D 19, 2371–2377 (2010)
Volovik, G.E., Zubkov, M.A.: Nambu sum rule and the relation between the masses of composite Higgs bosons. Phys Rev D 87, 075016 (2013)
Yan, J.: Functional integrals and 1/h expansion in the Boson–Fermion model. Physica A 452, 145–150 (2016)
Ambjorn, J., Anagnostopoulos, K., Magnea, U., Thorleifsson, G.: Geometrical interpretation of the Knizhnik–Polyakov–Zamolodchikov exponents. Phys Lett B 388, 713–719 (1996)
Ambjorn, J., Jurkiewicz, J., Watabiki, Y.: On the fractal structure of two-dimensional quantum gravity. Nucl Phys B 454, 313–342 (1995)
Yan, J.: The phonon mass and the Hawking temperature in the two-dimensional acoustic black hole model. Phys Lett B 818, 136359 (2021)
Das, A., Dave, S., Ganguly, O., Srivastava, A.: Hawking radiation from acoustic black holes in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Phys Lett B 817, 136294 (2021)
Ilinski, K.N., Stepanenko, A.S.: From Bose condensation to quantum gravity and back. arXiv:cond-mat/9803233 (1998)
Yan, J., Qiu, X.M.: Sinh–Gordon matter field and a solvable model in two-dimensional gravity. Gen Relativ Gravit 30, 1319–1329 (1998)
Schmidt, H.J.: The classical solutions of two-dimensional gravity. Gen Relativ Gravit 31, 1187–1210 (1999)
Almheiri, A., Polchinski, J.: Models of AdS2 backreaction and holography. J High Energy Phys 11, 14 (2015)
Frolov, V., Zelnikov, A.: On the Liouville 2D dilaton gravity models with sinh–Gordon matter. J High Energy Phys 2, 88 (2018)
Knizhnik, V.G., Polyakov, A.M., Zamolodchikov, A.B.: Fractal structure of 2d-quantum gravity. Mod Phys Lett A 3, 819–826 (1988)
David, F.: Conformal field theories coupled to 2-D gravity in the conformal gauge. Mod Phys Lett A 3, 1651–1656 (1988)
Distler, J., Kawai, H.: Conformal field theory and 2D quantum gravity. Nucl Phys B 321, 509–527 (1989)
Francesco, P., Mathieu, P., Senechal, D.: Conformal Field Theory. Springer, New York (1997)
Morgan, S., Lee, M., Burnett, K.: Off-shell T matrices in one, two, and three dimensions. Phys Rev A 65, 275–280 (2002)
Lee, M., Morgan, S., Davis, M., Burnett, K.: Energy-dependent scattering and the Gross–Pitaevskii equation in two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensates. Phys Rev A 65, 579–579 (2002)
Barcelo, C., Liberati, S., Visser, M.: Analogue gravity from Bose–Einstein condensates. Class Quantum Grav 18, 1137–1156 (2001)
de Nova, J., Golubkov, K., Kolobov, V., Steinhauer, J.: Observation of thermal Hawking radiation and its temperature in an analogue black hole. Nature, 569, 688–691 (2019)
Esposito, A., Krichevsky, R., Nicolis, A.: Gravitational mass carried by sound waves. Phys Rev Lett 122, 084501 (2019)
Zou, B.X., Yan, J., Li, J.G., Su, W.J.: Functional integrals and energy density fluctuations on black hole background. Gen Relativ Gravi 43, 305–314 (2011)
Yan, J.: Functional integrals and correlation functions in the Sine-Gordon-Thirring model with gravity correction. Gravit Cosmol 23, 45–49 (2017)
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the referee for a careful reading of the manuscript and the valuable suggestions,
Funding
This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Education Committee under Grant No. 11ZA100.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The manuscript is completed by the author alone.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yan, J. Higgs phonon: conformal phonon and Hawking temperature in a two-dimensional acoustic black hole model. Gen Relativ Gravit 55, 85 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10714-023-03133-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10714-023-03133-4