Abstract
Magnetotellurics (MT) and the other related electrical and electromagnetic methods play a very useful role in resource exploration. This review paper presents the current scenario of application of MT in the exploration for hydrocarbons and geothermal resources in Asia. While seismics is the most preferred method in oil exploration, it is, however, beset with several limitations in the case of sedimentary targets overlain by basalts or evaporate/carbonate rocks where the high-velocity layers overlying the lower velocity layers pose a problem. In such cases, MT plays an important and, in some cases, a crucial role in mapping these potential reservoirs because of significant resistivity contrast generally observed between the basalts and the underlying sedimentary layers. A few case histories are presented that typically illustrate the role of MT in this context. In the case of geothermal exploration, MT is known to be highly effective in deciphering the target areas because of the conductivity structures arising from the presence and circulation of highly conductive fluids in the geothermal target areas. A few examples of MT studies carried out in some of the potential areas of geothermal significance in the Asian region are also discussed. While it is a relatively favorable situation for application of EM and MT methods in the case of exploration of the high-enthalpy region due to the development of well-defined conceptual models, still the low-enthalpy regions need to be understood well, particularly because of more complex structural patterns and the fluid circulation under relatively low-temperature conditions. Currently, a lot of modeling in both geothermal and hydrocarbon exploration is being done using three-dimensional techniques, and it is the right time to go for integration and three-dimensional joint inversion of the geophysical parameters such as resistivity, velocity, density, from MT, electromagnetics (EM), seismics and gravity.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
27 February 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09629-5
References
Abdul Azeez KK, Harinarayana T (2007) Magnetotelluric evidence of potential geothermal resource in Puga, Ladakh, NW Himalaya. Curr Sci 93(3):323–329
Abdul Azeez KK, Satish Kumar T, Basava S, Harinarayana T, Dayal AM (2011) Hydrocarbon prospects across Narmada–Tapti rift in Deccan trap, central India: Inferences from integrated interpretation of magnetotelluric and geochemical prospecting studies. Mar Pet Geol 28:1073–1082. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.01.003
Aizawa K, Koyama T, Hase H, Uyeshima M, Kanda W, Utsugi M, Yoshimura R, Yamaya Y, Hashimoto T, Yamazaki K, Komatsu S, Watanabe A, Miyakawa K, Ogawa Y (2014) Three dimensional resistivity structure and magma plumbing system of the Kirishima Volcanoes as inferred from broadband magnetotelluric data. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 119:198–215
Alan W (1969) The crush zone of the Iranian Zagros mountains, and its implications. Geol Mag 106:385–394
Amatyakul P, Arunwan TR, Siripunvaraporn W (2015) A pilot magnetotelluric survey for geothermal exploration in Mae Chan region, northern Thailand. Geothermics 55:31–38
Amatyakul P, Boonchaisuk S, Arunwan TR, Vachiratienchai C, Wood SH, Pirarai K, Fuangswasdi A, Siripunvaraporn W (2016) Exploring the shallow geothermal fluid reservoir of Fang geothermal system, Thailand via a 3-D magnetotelluric survey. Geothermics 64:516–526
Asamori K, Umeda K, Ogawa Y, Oikawa T (2010) Electrical resistivity structure and helium isotopes around Naruko volcano, northeastern Japan and its implication for the distribution of crustal magma. Int J Geophys. doi:10.1155/2010/738139
Austria DCS, Tugawin RJ, Pastor MS, Morillo LB, Banos CFL, Layugan DB (2015) Subsurface characterization of the Leyte geothermal field, Philippines using magnetotellurics. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April
Axelsson G, Gunnlaugsson E (2000) Long-term monitoring of high- and low-enthalpy fields under exploitation. International Geothermal Association, World Geothermal Congress 2000 Short Course, Kokonoe, Kyushu District, Japan, p 226
Ayka S, Timur E, Sari C, Caylak C (2015) CSAMT investigations of the Caferbeyli (Manisa/Turkey) geothermal area. J Earth Syst Sci 124:149–159
Bai D, Meju MA, Liao Z (2001) MT images of deep crustal structure of the Rehai geothermal field near Tengchong, Southern China. Geophys J Int 147:677–687
Banos CEFL (1997) 1D interpretation of magnetotelluric data from Southern Leyte geothermal project, Philippines. Geothermal Training Programme, Orkustofnun, Grensasvegur 9, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland
Banos CEFL (2012) Three-dimensional magnetotelluric (MT) modelling of the Northern Negros Geothermal Project, Central Philippines. Master of Science thesis, Victoria University of Wellington
Barnett PR, Mandagi S, Iskander T, Abidin Z, Armaladdoss A, Raad R (2015) Exploration and development of the Tawau Geothermal Project, Malaysia. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April
Benderitter Y, Cormy G (1990) Possible approach to geothermal research and relative cost estimate. In: Dickson MH, Fanelli M (eds) Small geothermal resources. UNITAR/UNDP Centre for Small Energy Resources, Rome, pp 61–71
Berdichevsky MN, Bubnov V, Aleksanova E, Alekseev D, Yakovlev A, Yakovlev D (2015) Magnetotelluric studies in Russia: regional-scale surveys and hydrocarbon exploration. In: Electromagnetic sounding of the earth’s interior, theory, modeling, practice, 2nd edn, pp 379–401. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63554-9.00013-1
Berktold A (1983) Electromagnetic studies in geothermal regions. Geophys Surv 6:173–200
Bhattacharya BB, Sinharay RK, Srivastava SV (2003) MT survey over the geothermal region of Bakreshwar for investigation deeper geo-electrical structure. J Geophys 24(1):41–44
Bois C, Bouche P, Pelet R (1982) Global geologic history and distribution of hydrocarbon reserves. Am Asso Petrol Geol Bull 66(9):1248–1270
Campanya J, Jones AG, Vozar J, Rath V, Blake S, Delhaye R, Farrel T (2015) Porosity and permeability constraints from electrical resistivity models: examples using magnetotelluric data. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia, 19–25, April 2015
Cao Z, He Z, Chang Y (2006) A simulation study of induced polarization effect of magnetotelluric and its application in oil and gas detection. Prog Geophys 21:1252–1257
Chang PY, Lo W, Song SR, Ho KR, Wu CS, Chen CS, Lai YC, Chen HF, Lu HY (2014) Evaluating the Chingshui geothermal reservoir in northeast Taiwan with a 3D integrated geophysical visualization model. Geothermics 50:91–100
Chen Q, Hu W, Li J (2006) Method for inversing real spectral parameters based on magnetotelluric method (MT). J Oil Gas Technol 28:61–64
Chiang CW, Hsu HL, Chen CC (2015) An investigation of the 3D electrical resistivity structure in the Chingshui geothermal area, NE Taiwan. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 26(3):269–281
Daud Y, Javino F, Nordin MNM, Razak M, Amnan I, Saputra R, Agung L, Sucandra (2010) The first magnetotelluric investigation of the Tawau geothermal prospect, Sabah, Malaysia. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Bali, Indonesia, 25–29 April
Davidenko K, Ivanov S, Kudryavceca E, Legeydo P, Veeken PCH (2008) Geo-electric surveying, a useful tool for hydrocarbon exploration: 70th Conference and Exhibition, EAGE, Extended Abstracts, P301
Davydycheva S, Rykhlinski N, Legeydo P (2006) Electrical-prospecting method for hydrocarbon search using the induced-polarization effect. Geophysics 71(4):G179–G189
Dong W, Zhao X (2008) The time-frequency electromagnetic method and its application in western China. Appl Geophys 5(2):127–135
Glover PWJ (2010) A generalized Archie’s law for n phases. Geophysics 75(6):E247–E265
GSI 2000 Seismotectonic Atlas of India and Its Environs. Geological Survey of India Publication
Harinarayana T(2008) Application of magnetotelluric studies in India, Memoir Geological Society of India, No. 68, pp 337–356
Harinarayana T, Someswara Rao M, Sarma MVC, Veeraswamy K, Lingaiah A, Prabhakar ER, Virupakshi G, Murthy DN, Sarma SVS (2000a) Magnetotelluric investigations in Tatapani Geothermal region, Surguja district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Technical report, NGRI-2000-exp-282
Harinarayana T, Sastry RS, Nagarajan N, Rao SPE, Manoj C, Naganjaneyulu K, Virupakshi G, Murthy DN, Sarma SVS (2000b) Integrated geophysical studies for hydrocarbon exploration, Kutch, India. NGRI-2000-EXP-296
Harinarayana T, Someswara Rao M, Veeraswamy K, Murthy DN, Sarma MVC, Sastry RS, Virupakshi G, Rao SPE, Patro BPK, Manoj C, Rao M, Sreenivasulu T, Abdul Azeez KK, Naganjaneyulu K, Begum SK, Kumar BF, Sudha Rani K, Sreenivas M, Prasanth V, Aruna P (2003) Exploration sub-trappean mesozoic basins in the western part of Narmada–Tapti region of Deccan syneclise. NGRI-2003-EXP-404
Harinarayana T, Abdul Azeez KK, Naganjaneyulu K, Manoj C, Veeraswamy K, Murthy DN, Rao SPE (2004) Magnetotelluric studies in Puga valley geothermal field, NW Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 138:405–424
Harinarayana T, Murthy DN, Sudha Rani K, Abdul Azeez KK, Basava S, Roy S, Ray L (2005a) Magnetotelluric and geothermal investigations in Loharinag–Pala hydro power project, Uttaranchal. NGRI technical report no: NGRI-2006- EXP-525
Harinarayana T, Murthy DN, Rao SPE, Sudha Rani K, Srinivasulu T, Abdul Azeez KK, Srinivas M, Virupakshi G (2005b) Magnetotelluric and Geothermal Investigations in Tapovan-Vishnugad hydroelectric power project, Uttaranchal. NGRI technical report no: NGRI-2004-EXP-430
Harinarayana T, Abdul Azeez KK, Murthy DN, Veeraswamy K, Rao SPE, Manoj C, Naganjaneyulu K (2006) Exploration of geothermal structure in Puga geothermal field, Ladakh Himalayas, India by magnetotelluric studies. J Appl Geophys 58:280–295
Harinarayana T, Virupakshi G, Murthy DN, Veeraswamy K, Rao SPE, Abdul Azeez KK, Basava S, Dhanunjaya Naidu G, Shankar R, Sreedhar SV, Sudha Rani K, Gupta AK, Sreenivasulu T, Sreenivas M (2008) Magnetotelluric investigations in geothermal fields of Satluj-Spiti, Beas-Partbati Valleys in Himalchal Pradesh, Badrinath-Tapovan in Uttarakhand and Surajkund in Jharkhand areas, India. NGRI technical report no: NGRI-2008-EXP-637
Harinarayana T, Murthy DN, Sastry RS, Virupakshi SG, Someswara Rao M, Veeraswamy K, Rao SPE, Manoj C, Patro BPK, Abdul Azeez KK, Naganjaneyulu K, Sarma MVC, Srinivasulu T, Basava S, Naidu GD, Gupta AK, Kumara Swamy VTC, Kishore SRK, Phanikiran TV, Ravishankar K, Sreedhar SV, Nageshwara Rao N (2009) Integrated geophysical studies for hydrocarbon exploration in eastern part of the Deccan Syneclise, Central, India. NGRI technical report no: NGRI-2009-EXP-679-Volume II
He Z, Liu H, Tang B (2007) Geoelectrical anomaly patterns of reservoir and geoelectrical methods for direct reservoir detection: 77th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 698–702
He Z, Hu W, Dong W (2010a) Petroleum electromagnetic prospecting advances and case studies in China. Surv Geophys 31:207–224. doi:10.1007/s10712-009-9093-z
He Z, Hu Z, Luo W, Wang C (2010b) Mapping reservoirs based on resistivity and induced polarization derived from continuous 3D magnetotelluric profiling: case study from Qaidam basin, China. Geophysics 75(1):B25–B33. doi:10.1190/1.3279125
Hochstein MP (1990) Classification and assessment of geothermal resources. In: Dickson MH, Fanelli M (eds) Small geothermal resources. UNITAR/UNDP Centre for Small Energy Resources, Rome, pp 31–59
Hoversten GM, Cassassuce F, Gasperikova E, Newman GA, Chen J, Rubin Y, Hou Z, Vasco D (2006) Direct reservoir parameter estimation using joint inversion of marine seismic AVA and CSEM data. Geophysics 71(3):C1–C13. doi:10.1190/1.2194510
Ichinoseki H (1984) Exploration and development of the Yurihara oil and gas field. J Jpn Assoc Petrol Technol 49:226–233 (in Japanese)
Katz AJ, Thompson AH (1986) Quantitative prediction of permeability in porous rock. Phys Rev B 34:8179–8181
Kaya C, Basokur AT (2010) Magnetotelluric experiments in the Aliaga geothermal field, Western Turkey. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Bali, Indonesia, 25–29
Komori S, Utsugi M, Kagiyama T, Inoue H, Chen CH, Chiang HT, Chao BF, Yoshimura R, Kanda W (2014) Hydrothermal system in the Tatun Volcano Group, northern Taiwan, inferred from crustal resistivity structure by audio-magnetotellurics. Prog Earth Planet Sci 1:20
Krishna VG, Rao NM, Sarkar D (1999) The problem of velocity inversion in refraction seismics: some observations from modelling results. Geophys Prospect 47:341–357
Lashin A, Arifi NA (2014) Geothermal energy potential of southwestern of Saudi Arabia “exploration and possible power generation”: a case study at Al Khouba area—Jizan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 30:771–789
Lashin A, Pipan M, Arifi NA, Bassam AA, Mocnik A, Forte E (2015) Geophysical exploration of the Western Saudi Arabian Geothermal province: first results from the Al-Lith Area. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April
Layugan DB, Rigor DM, Apuada NA Jr, Banos CFL, Olivar RER (2005) Magnetotelluric (MT) Resistivity surveys in various geothermal systems in Central Philippines. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April
Lee TJ, Song Y, Uchida T, Mitsuhata Y, Oh S (2004) Interpretation of 3D magnetotelluric data including sea effect for geothermal exploration in Pohang, Korea. In: Proceedings of the 6th Asian geothermal symposium, 26–29 October, mutual challenges in high and low temperature geothermal resource fields, pp 139–143
Lee TJ, Song Y, Uchida T (2007) Three dimensional magnetotelluric surveys for geothermal development in Pohang, Korea. Explor Geophys 38:89–97
Lee TJ, Han N, Song Y (2010) Magnetotelluric survey applied to geothermal exploration: an example at Seokmo Island, Korea. Explor Geophys 41:61–68
Lee TJ, Song Y, Park DW, Jeon J, Yoon WS (2015) Three dimensional geological model of Pohang EGS Pilot Site, Korea. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April
Leeuwen WAV, Marnette K, Schotting RJ, Muller M (2015) A geothermal exploration MT data set and its 3D inversion using two different codes: an example from Western Turkey. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April
Mansoori I, Oskooi B, Pederson L (2015) Magnetotelluric signature of anticlines in Iran’s Sehqanat oil field. Tectonophysics 654:101–112
Mansoori I, Oskooi B, Pederson L, Javaheri R (2016) Three-dimensional modelling of magnetotelluric data to image Sehqanat hydrocarbon reservoir in southwestern Iran. Geophys Prospect 64:753–766
Maryanto S, Wicaksono AS, Santoso DR, Nadhir A, Gunawah H, Prasodjo E, Suantika IG (1992) Multi geosciences approach at Blawan-Ijen Volcano-Geothermal Complex, East Java, Indonesia to Understand it utilization and hazard. In: Goldschmidt conference
Matsuo K, Negi T (1999) Oil exploration in the difficult Minami-Noshiro area part 2: Magnetotelluric survey. Lead Edge 18:1411–1413
Meju MA (2002) Geoelectromagnetic exploration for natural resources: models, case studies and challenges. Surv Geophys 23:133–205
Merh SS (1995) Geology of Gujarat. Geological Society of India, Bangalore, pp 1–222
Mitsuhata Y, Matsuo K, Minegishi M (1999) Magnetotelluric survey for exploration of a volcanic-rock reservoir in the Yurihara oil and gas field, Japan. Geophys Prospect 47:195–218
Muffler P, Cataldi R (1978) Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources. Geothermics 7:53–89
Munoz G (2014) Exploring for geothermal resources with electromagnetic methods. Surv Geophys 35:101–122
Mustopa EJ, Furuya S, Jotaki H, Ushijima K (2002) Application of magnetotelluric method to Takigami geothermal field in Kyushu, Japan. Memories of the Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, vol 62(4)
Niasari SW, Munoz G, Kholid M, Suhanto E, Ritter O (2012) Magnetotelluric exploration of the Sipoholon geothermal field, Indonesia. 24 Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium, Neustadt an der Weinstra Be, 19–23 September
Nicholson KN (1993) Geothermal fluids. Chemistry and exploration techniques. Springer, Berlin
Nurhasan Ogawa Y, Ujihara N, Tank SB, Honkura Y, Onizawa S, Mori T, Makino M (2006) Two electrical conductors beneath Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, Japan, imaged by audiomagnetotellurics, and their implications for the hydrothermal system. Earth Planet Space 58:1053–1059
Ogawa Y, Ichiki M, Kanda W, Mishina M, Asamori K (2014) Three-dimensional magnetotelluric imaging of crustal fluids and seismicity around Naruko volcano, NE Japan. Earth Planets Space 66:158
Oskooi B, Darijani M (2013) 2D inversion of the magnetotelluric data from Mahallat geothermal field in Iran using finite element approach. Arab J Geosci. doi:10.1007/s12517-013-0893-6
Oskooi B, Mirzaei M, Mohannadi B, Mohammadzadeh-Moghaddam M, Ghadimi F (2016) Integrated interpretation of the magnetotelluric and magnetic data from Mahallat geothermal field, Iran. Stud Geophys Geod 60:141–161. doi:10.1007/s11200-014-1235-1
Ozawa A, Katahira T, Nakano S, Tsuchiya N, Awata Y (1988) Geology of the Yashima district, with Geological Sheet Map at 1:50,000. Geological Survey of Japan, pp 87 (in Japanese with English abstract)
Pandey D, MacGregor L, Sinha M, Singh S (2008) Feasibility of using the magnetotelluric method for subbasalt imaging at Kachchh, India. Appl Geophys 5(1):74–82. doi:10.1007/s11770-008-0008-4
Pandey D, Singh S, Sinha M, MacGregor L (2009) Structural imaging of Mesozoic sediments of Kachchh, India and their hydrocarbon prospects. Mar Pet Geol 26:1043–1050
Parnadi WW, Widodo Savitri RW, Zakarsyi A (2014) Magnetotelluric investigations in the way Umpu geothermal prospect area, Lampung province, Indonesia. Int J Technol 3:227–241
Patro BPK, Sarma SVS (2007) Trap thickness and the subtrappean structures related to mode of eruption in the Deccan plateau of India: results from magnetotellurics. Earth Planet Space 59:75–81
Patro PK, Abdul Azeez KK, Veeraswamy K, Sarma SVS, Sen MK (2015a) Sub-basalt sediment imaging—the efficacy of magnetotellurics. J Appl Geophys 121:106–115. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.07.010
Patro PK, Rao SPE, Reddy KC, Raju K, Borah UK, Sana S, Sarma SVS (2015b) Re-evaluation of the deep electrical structure of Tattapani hot spring area using advanced MT data analysis and 3D modelling approaches. Technical report no. NGRI-2015-EXP-896
Pellerin L, Johnston JM, Hohmann GW (1996) A numerical evaluation of electromagnetic methods in geothermal exploration. Geophysics 61:121–130
Raharjo IB, Maris V, Wannamaker PE, Chapman DS (2010) Resistivity structures of Lahendong and Kamojang geothermal systems revealed from 3D magnetotelluric inversions, a comparative study. In: Proceedings, world geothermal congress, Bali, Indonesia, 25–29 April
Rao SPE, Naidu GD, Harinarayana T, Sarma SVS, Gupta AK (2014) An anomalous high conductivity upper crustal body detected underneath the Surajkund hot spring area from a magnetotellric study. J Indian Geophys Union 18(4):425–433
Reyes AN (1999) Interpretation of Schlumberger and magnetotelluric measurements: examples from the Philippines and Iceland. Geothermal Training Programme, Orkustofnun, Grensasvegur 9, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland
Rezaie AH, Nogole Sadat MA (2004) Fracture modeling in Asmari reservoir of Rag-e Sefid oil field by using multi well image log (FMS/FMI). Iran Int J Sci 5(1):107–121
Rosario RAD Jr, Oanes AF (2010) Controlled source magnetotelluric survey of Mabini geothermal prospect, Mabini, Batangas, Philippines. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Bali, Indonesia, 25–29 April
Rosario RAD Jr, Pastor MS, Malapitan RT (2005) Controlled source magnetotelluric (CSMT) survey of Malabuyoc thermal project, Malabuyoc/Alegria, Cebu, Philippines. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April
Sarma SVS, Harinarayana T, Gupta ML, Sarma SR, Kumar R, Sanker Narayan PV (1983) A reconnaissance telluric survey in northern parts of Konkan geothermal province, India. Geophys Res Bull 21(1):91–99
Sarma SVS, Virupakshi G, Murthy DN, Harinarayana T, Sastry TS, Rao MS, Nagarajan N, Veeraswamy K, Sarma MS, Rao SPE, Gupta KRB (1992) Magnetotelluric studies for oil exploration over Deccan Traps, Saurashtra, Gujarat, India. NGRI-92-LITHOS-125
Sarma SVS, Virupakshi G, Harinarayana T, Murthy DN, Someswara Rao M, Sastry RS, Nagarajan N, Sastry TS, Sarma MVC, Rao M, Veeraswamy K, Rao SPE, Gupta KRB, Lingaiah A, Sreenivasulu T, Raju AVSN, Patro BPK, Manoj C, Bansal A, Kumaraswamy VTC, Sannasi SR, Stephen C, Naganjaneyulu K (1998a) Integrated geophysical studies for hydrocarbon exploration Saurashtra, India. NGRI-98-EXP-237
Sarma SVS, Virupakshi G, Harinarayana T, Rao M, Nagarajan N, Someswara Rao M, Sastry TS, Rao SPE, Gupta KRB, Patro BPK, Raju AVSN, Jyoti RS, Srinivasulu T, Lingaiah A (1998b) Magnetotelluric studies in Nagpur-Wardha area. NGRI technical report no: NGRI-98-EXPL-222
Sarma SVS, Virupakshi G, Harinarayana T, Nagarajan N, Someswara Rao M, Murthy DN, Veeraswamy K, Rao M, Rao SPE, Sastry TS, Patro BPK, Raju AVSN, Lingaiah A, Srinivasulu T, Naganjaneyulu K (1998c) Magnetotelluric studies along Nagpur—Belgaum and Morsi-Akot-Harda Profiles. NGRI technical report no: NGRI-98-EXPL-234
Sarvandani MM, Kalateh AN, Unsworth M, Majidi A (2017) Interpretation of magnetotelluric data from the Gachsaran oil field using sharp boundary inversion. J Petrol Sci Eng 149:25–39. doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2016.10.019
Satpal Singh OP, Sar D, Chatterjee SM, Sawa S (2006) Integrated interpretation for sub-basalt imaging in Saurashtra Basin, India. Lead Edge 25:882–885
Seki K, Kanda W, Ogawa Y, Tanbo T, Kobayashi T, Hino Y, Hase H (2015) Imaging the hydrothermal system beneath the Jigokudani valley, Tateyama volcano, Japan: implications for structures controlling repeated phreatic eruptions from an audio-frequency magnetotelluri survey. Earth Planet Space 67(6):6
Seki K, Kanda W, Tanbo T, Ohba T, Ogawa Y, Takakura S, Kenji N, Ushioda M, Suzkuki A, Saito Z, Matsunaga Y (2016) Resistivity structure and geochemistry of the Jigokudani Valley hydrothermal system, Mt. Tateyama. Jpn J Volcanol Geotherm Res 325:15–26. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.06.010
Singh B, Arora K (2008) Geophysical exploration for petroleum in the Subtrappean Mesozoic sedimentary formations of India. Mem Geol Soc India 68:237–258
Sinharay RK, Srivastava S, Bhattacharya BB (2001) An analysis of magnetotelluric (MT) data over geothermal region of Bakreshwar, West Bengal. J Geophys 22(1):31–39
Sinharay RK, Srivastava S, Bhattacharya BB (2010) Audiomagnetotelluric studies to trace the hydrological system of thermal fluid flow of Bakreswar Hot Spring, Eastern India: a case history. Geophysics 75(5):B187–B195
Sircar A, Shah M, Sahajpal S, Vaidya D, Dhale S, Chaudhary A (2015) Geothermal exploration in Gujarat: case study from Dholera. Geotherm Energy 3:22
Song Y, Lee SK, Kim HC, Kee WS, Park YS, Lim MT, Son JS, Cho SJ, Lim SK, Uchida T, Mitsuhata Y, Lee TJ, Lee H, Rim HR, Hwang S, Park IH (2003) Case study on a low enthalpy geothermal exploration in Pohang Area, Korea. Geosyst Eng 6(2):46–53
Spichak VV (2005) Three-dimensional resistivity structure of the Minamikayabe geothermal zone revealed by Bayesian inversion of MT data. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April
Spichak VV, Manzella A (2009) Electromagnetic sounding of geothermal zones. J Appl Geophys 68:459–478
Strack KM (2014) Future directions of electromagnetic methods for hydrocarbon applications. Surv Geophys 35:157–177. doi:10.1007/s10712-013-9237-z
Strack KM, Pandey PB (2007) Exploration with controlled-source electromagnetic under basalt cover in India. Lead Edge 26:360–363
Sui XW, Zhang J, Shi FJ, Zhao JC (2011) Evaluation on the geothermal resources in Jingbo Lake Graben of the Dun-Mi Fault Zone in Helongjiang Province. Geoscience 25:377–383 (In Chinese)
Sumintadireja P, Saepuloh A, Irawan D, Junursyah L (2011) Temporal analysis of visible-thermal infrared band and magnetotelluric method to simulate a geothermal sitting at Mt. Ciremai, West Java, Indonesia. In: Proceedings, thirty sixth workshop on geothermal reservoir engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 31–February 2
Takin M (1972) Iranian geology and continental drift in the Middle East. Nature 235:147–150
Tuyen DV, Vu TA, Phong LH, Dat PN, Toan DV, Si LV (2015) Structural features of geothermal field from magnetotelluric survey in Northern Central Region of Vietnam. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April
Uchida T (1993) Smooth 2D inversion for magnetotelluric data based on statistical criterion ABIC. J Geomagn Geoelectr 45:841–858
Uchida T (2003) Application of 3D Inversion to magnetotelluric data in the Ogiri Geothermal Area, Japan. Geotherm Resour Counc Trans 27:12–15
Uchida T (2005) Three dimensional magnetotelluric investigation in geothermal fields in Japan and Indonesia. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April
Uchida T, Ogawa Y (1993) Development of FORTRAN code of two-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion with smoothness constraint. Geological survey of Japan, open-file report no. 205, p 115
Uchida T, Song Y, Lee TJ, Mitsuhata Y, Lim SK, Lee SK (2005) Magnetotelluric survey in an extremely noisy environment at the Pohang low enthalpy geothermal area, Korea. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April
Uchida T, Takakura S, Ueda T, Adachi M, Ozeki H, Kamada K, Sato T (2011) 3D magnetotelluric survey at the Yanaizu-Nishiyama geothermal field, Northen Japan. In: Proceedings of the 9th Asian geothermal symposium, 7–9 November
Umeda K, Asamori K, Negi T, Ogawa Y (2006) Magnetotelluric imaging of crustal magma storage beneath the Mesozoic crystalline mountains in a nonvolcanic region, northeast Japan. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 7:Q08005. doi:10.1029/10052006GC001247
Unsworth M (2005) New developments in conventional hydrocarbon exploration with electromagnetic methods. Can Soc Explor Geophys Rec 30(4):34–38
Ushijima K, Mustopa EJ, Jotaki H, Mizunaga H (2005) Magnetotelluric soundings in the Takigami geothermal area, Japan. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April
Waseda A, Omokawa M (1990) Generation, migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Yurihara oil and gas field. J Jpn Assoc Petrol Technol 55:233–244 (in Japanese with English abstract)
Wright PM, Ward SH, Ross HP, West RC (1985) State of the art geophysical exploration for geothermal resources. Geophysics 50:2666–2696
Wu G, Hu X, Huo G, Zhou X (2012) Geophysical exploration for geothermal resources: an application of MT and CSAMT in Jiangxia, Wuhan, China. J Earth Sci 23(5):757–767
Yamane K, Ohsato K, Ohminato T, Kim HJ (2000) Three dimensional magnetotelluric investigation in Kakkonda geothermal area, Japan. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May 28–June 10
Zakharova OK, Spichak VV, Rybin AK, Batalev VY, Goidina AG (2007) Estimation of the correlation between magnetotelluric and geothermal data in the Bishkek geodynamic research area, Izvestiya. Phys Solid Earth 43(4):35–42
Zarkasyi A, Rahadinata T, Suhanto E, Widodo S (2015) Investigation of geothermal structures of the Kadidia Area, Indonesia, using the magnetotelluric method. In: Proceedings world geothermal congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19–25 April
Zhang K, Wei W, Lu Q, Dong H, Li Y (2014) Theoretical assessment of 3-D magnetotelluric method for oil and gas exploration: synthetic examples. J Appl Geophys 106:23–36
Zhang L, Hao T, Xiao Q, Wang J, Zhou L, Qi M, Cui X, Cai N (2015) Magnetotelluric investigation of the geothermal anomaly in Hailin, Mudanjiang, northeastern China. J Appl Geophys 118:47–65
Ziolkowski A, Hobbs B, Wright D (2002) First direct hydrocarbon detection and reservoir monitoring using transient electromagnetic. First Break 20:224–225
Ziolkowski A, Hanssen P, Gatliff R, Jakubowicz H, Dobson A, Hampson G, Li X, Liu E (2003) Use of low frequencies for sub-basalt imaging. Geophys Prospect 51(3):169–182
Zonge KL, Sauck WA, Sumner JS (1972) Comparison of time, frequency and phase measurements in induced polarization. Geophys Prospect 20:626–648
Zutshi PL (1991) The Deccan Trap-its implication on hydrocarbon exploration in western India. Bull Oil Nat Gas Commun 28(2):90–95
Acknowledgements
My sincere thanks to the Program Committee of the 23rd Electromagnetic Induction Workshop for inviting me to write a review. I would like to express my gratitude to the Director, CSIR-NGRI, Dr. V. M. Tiwari for his encouragement and financial support. Thanks to the local organizing committee for extending partial funding for attending the workshop. My research was supported with the funding from 12th Five Year Plan project SHORE (PSC 0205) funded by CSIR. The review article would not have been completed without full support from Dr. S.V.S. Sarma. I thank all the authors who have sent me their papers that helped in preparing the review paper. There may be more studies that have been done for which I could not get information for this review. Thanks to Dr. K.K. Abdul Azeez, Mr. Ujjal Borah, Mr. K. Chinna Reddy, Mr. Narendra Babu, Mr. Shivakrishna, Mr. Ajithabh K. S, Mr. Manik Verma for their help at different stages of preparation for this paper. Thanks to Prof. Ian Ferguson for reviewing the initial version of the manuscript. This paper benefitted from the comments of the guest editor, Dr. Ute Weckmann and the two anonymous reviewers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Patro, P.K. Magnetotelluric Studies for Hydrocarbon and Geothermal Resources: Examples from the Asian Region. Surv Geophys 38, 1005–1041 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9439-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9439-x