Abstract
Electrical conductivity of the subsurface is known to be a crucial parameter for the characterization of geothermal settings. Geothermal systems, composed by a system of faults and/or fractures filled with conducting geothermal fluids and altered rocks, are ideal targets for electromagnetic (EM) methods, which have become the industry standard for exploration of geothermal systems. This review paper presents an update of the state-of-the-art geothermal exploration using EM methods. Several examples of high-enthalpy geothermal systems as well as non-volcanic systems are presented showing the successful application of EM for geothermal exploration but at the same time highlighting the importance of the development of conceptual models in order to avoid falling into interpretation pitfalls. The integration of independent data is key in order to obtain a better understanding of the geothermal system as a whole, which is the ultimate goal of exploration.
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the Program Committee of the 21st Electromagnetic Induction Workshop for giving me the opportunity to write this review paper. My attendance to the workshop was financed by the project Brine (Grant Nr. 03G0758A/B) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. I also thank all authors who sent me their papers, manuscripts and conference contributions, which helped me a lot in writing this review paper, and I apologise for any omissions. This paper has been improved by the comments of my colleague Ute Weckmann, Knútur Árnason and an anonymous reviewer.
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Online Resource 1. Location map of exemplary surveys: 1) Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. 2) Hengill, Iceland. 3) Glass Mtn. geothermal area, USA. 4) Coso geothermal field, USA. 5) Larderello – Travale, Italy. 6) Menderes Massif, Turkey. 7) Pohang, South Korea. 8) Llucmajor aquifer, Spain. 9) Groß Schönebeck geothermal test site, Germany. 10) Puga, India. 11) Paralana EGS, Australia. (JPEG 665 kb)
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Muñoz, G. Exploring for Geothermal Resources with Electromagnetic Methods. Surv Geophys 35, 101–122 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-013-9236-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-013-9236-0