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Cluster Observes the High-Altitude CUSP Region

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Abstract

This paper gives an overview of Cluster observations in the high-altitude cusp region of the magnetosphere. The low and mid-altitude cusps have been extensively studied previously with a number of low-altitude satellites, but only little is known about the distant part of the magnetospheric cusps. During the spring-time, the trajectory of the Cluster fleet is well placed for dayside, high-altitude magnetosphere investigations due to its highly eccentric polar orbit. Wide coverage of the region has resulted and, depending on the magnetic dipole tilt and the solar wind conditions, the spacecraft are susceptible to encounter: the plasma mantle, the high-altitude cusp, the dayside magnetosphere (i.e. dayside plasma sheet) and the distant exterior cusp diamagnetic cavity. The spacecraft either exit into the magnetosheath through the dayside magnetopause or through the exterior cusp–magnetosheath interface. This paper is based on Cluster observations made during three high-altitude passes. These were chosen because they occurred during different solar wind conditions and different inter-spacecraft separations. In addition, the dynamic nature of the cusp allowed all the aforementioned regions to be sampled with different order, duration and characteristics. The analysis deals with observations of: (1) both spatial and temporal structures at high-altitudes in the cusp and plasma mantle, (2) signatures of possible steady reconnection, flux transfer events (FTE) and plasma transfer events (PTE), (3) intermittent cold (<100 eV) plasma acceleration associated with both plasma penetration and boundary motions, (4) energetic ions (5–40 keV) in the exterior cusp diamagnetic cavity and (5) the global structure of the exterior cusp and its direct interface with the magnetosheath. The analysis is primarily focused on ion and magnetic field measurements. By use of these recent multi-spacecraft Cluster observations we illustrate the current topics under debate pertaining to the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction, for which this region is known to be of major importance.

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Abbreviations

DMSP:

Defense Meterological Satellite Program

GSE:

Geocentric Solar Ecliptic

GSM:

Geocentric Solar Magnetic

HEOS:

Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite

ACE:

Advanced Composition Explorer

IMF:

Interplanetary Magnetic Field

MLT:

Magnetic Local Time

TD:

Tangential Discontinuity

RD:

Rotational Discontinuity

MVA:

Minimum Variance Analysis

UT:

Universal Time

FGM:

Fluxgate Magnetometer

FTE:

Flux Transfer Event

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre d’Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, 9 ave Colonel Roche, 31028, Toulouse, cedex 4, France

    B. Lavraud, H. Rème, J. -M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, J. -A. Sauvaud & A. Keiling

  2. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QXUK, UK

    M. W. Dunlop

  3. Space Science Laboratory, 94530, UC Berkeley, CA, USA

    T. D. Phan, C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden & G. K. Parks

  4. Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, SE-981 28, Kiruna, Sweden

    R. Lundin

  5. Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK

    P. J. Cargill & A. Balogh

  6. ESA/ESTEC RSSD, Keplerlaan 1, 2200, AG, Noordwijk, the Netherlands

    C. P. Escoubet

  7. University of New Hampshire, 03824, Durham, NH, USA

    E. Moebius & L. M. Kistler

  8. Instituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133, Roma, Italy

    E. Amata & M. -B. Bavassano-Cattaneo

  9. Max-Planck-Institut Fur Aeronomie, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 37191, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany

    A. Korth

  10. Max-Planck-Institut Fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741, Garching, Germany

    B. Klecker

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  1. B. Lavraud
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  21. A. Balogh
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Correspondence to B. Lavraud.

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Lavraud, B., Rème, H., Dunlop, M.W. et al. Cluster Observes the High-Altitude CUSP Region. Surv Geophys 26, 135–175 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-005-1875-3

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