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Emergence in simulated evolution

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A Reply to this article was published on 19 November 2013

The Original Article was published on 21 August 2013

Abstract

Wolfgang Banzhaf’s essay elegantly shows how emergence can be observed within the genetic programming (GP) framework. His work provides inspiration to employ GP for investigating emerging phenomena in biological evolution. This commentary attempts to further stimulate such development towards a more realistic GP framework by incorporating features observed in natural evolution. The examples discussed are multiscalarity, lower-level stochasticity, and co-evolution of repair or protection mechanisms.

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Notes

  1. As Corning [2] points out, there are various forms of synergy. For him, emergent phenomena are rather a subset of synergistic effects and, by following Lewes (see Ref. [25] in [1]), he suggests limiting the term ‘emergence’ further to cases where “wholes […] are composed of things of unlike kind” and their cooperative interactions yield qualitatively novel effects, often through “division of labor”. The synergistic effects observed in GP can still be classified as emergent according to this rather vague definition.

References

  1. W. Banzhaf, Genetic programming and emergence. Genet. Program. Evol. Mach. (2013) (this issue)

  2. P.A. Corning, The re-emergence of “emergence”: A venerable concept in search of a theory. Complexity 7(6) (2002)

  3. T. Gregor, K. Fujimoto, N. Masaki, S. Sawai, The onset of collective behavior in social amoebae. Science 328(5981), 1021–1025 (2010)

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  4. I. Martincorena, A.S.N. Seshasayee, N.M. Luscombe, Evidence of non-random mutation rates suggests an evolutionary risk management strategy. Nature 485(7396), 95–98 (2012)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan

    André Leier

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  1. André Leier
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Correspondence to André Leier.

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Leier, A. Emergence in simulated evolution. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 15, 79–81 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-013-9201-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-013-9201-1

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