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GNBP domain of Anopheles darlingi: are polymorphic inversions and gene variation related to adaptive evolution?

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Abstract

Anopheles darlingi is the main malaria vector in humans in South America. In the Amazon basin, it lives along the banks of rivers and lakes, which responds to the annual hydrological cycle (dry season and rainy season). In these breeding sites, the larvae of this mosquito feed on decomposing organic and microorganisms, which can be pathogenic and trigger the activation of innate immune system pathways, such as proteins Gram-negative binding protein (GNBP). Such environmental changes affect the occurrence of polymorphic inversions especially at the heterozygote frequency, which confer adaptative advantage compared to homozygous inversions. We mapped the GNBP probe to the An. darlingi 2Rd inversion by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), which was a good indicator of the GNBP immune response related to the chromosomal polymorphic inversions and adaptative evolution. To better understand the evolutionary relations and time of divergence of the GNBP of An. darlingi, we compared it with nine other mosquito GNBPs. The results of the phylogenetic analysis of the GNBP sequence between the species of mosquitoes demonstrated three clades. Clade I and II included the GNBPB5 sequence, and clade III the sequence of GNBPB1. Most of these sequences of GNBP analyzed were homologous with that of subfamily B, including that of An. gambiae (87 %), therefore suggesting that GNBP of An. darling belongs to subfamily B. This work helps us understand the role of inversion polymorphism in evolution of An. darlingi.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Project PAPAC, Edital 020/2013, process number 1570/2013/FAPEAM awarded to MSR, and project ADAPTA II-CNPq. We thank Dr. Wanderli Pedro Tadei, CSAS, INPA and Dr. Felipe Rodrigues da Silva, Embrapa Bioinformática Agropecuária, UNICAMP, for technical support. Dr. A. Leyva helped with English translation and editing of the manuscript.

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  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva-PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Brazil

    L. C. Bridi

  2. Coordenação de Sociedade Ambiente e Saúde-CSAS, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, Manaus, AM, 69060-001, Brazil

    M. S. Rafael

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Bridi, L.C., Rafael, M.S. GNBP domain of Anopheles darlingi: are polymorphic inversions and gene variation related to adaptive evolution?. Genetica 144, 99–106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-016-9881-6

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