Abstract
Rapid urbanization has led to a transformation of natural landscapes in cities, replacing them with impervious surfaces. This alteration disrupts the natural patterns and processes of water flow, leading to inadequate stormwater management and increased flooding problems. However, integrated Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) offers a solution. BGI adopts a landscape conservation approach incorporating interconnected networks of blue and green spaces within urban areas. Gurugram has emerged as a bustling real estate hub, with rapid urban development converting a significant portion of the city into impervious surfaces. The proliferation of concrete structures and paved areas has left little room for rainwater to percolate into the soil. Consequently, Gurugram grapples with severe flooding during every monsoon season, making significant roads and buildings inundated. To solve this problem, this study aims to identify and map the suitable areas for implementing BGIs in Gurugram City using GIS and multi-criteria analysis with an analytical hierarchy process. The study uses eight open-access criteria- slope, drainage density, proximity to roads, land use and land cover, proximity to blue spaces, proximity to green spaces, soil and water-logged locations. Based on GIS-based multi-criteria analysis, 3.22%, 64.16%, and 32.61% of the study area were identified as highly suitable, moderately suitable, and less suitable for BGI development, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this research paper.
References
Brears, R. C. (2018). From traditional grey infrastructure to blue-green infrastructure. Blue and Green Cities, 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59258-3_1
Brilhante, O. (2023). Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) and Nature-Based Approaches (NBS) in the context of green cities. Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.31031/EAES.2023.11.000754
Crosetto, M., Tarantola, S., & Saltelli, A. (2000). Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in spatial modelling based on GIS. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 81(1), 71–79. https://www.academia.edu/21257968/Sensitivity_and_uncertainty_analysis_in_spatial_modelling_based_on_GIS. Accessed 10 Oct 2023
Dağıstanlı, C., Turan, İ. D., & Dengiz, O. (2018). Evaluation of the suitability of sites for outdoor recreation using a multi-criteria assessment model. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(17). https://doi.org/10.1007/S12517-018-3856-0
Flood Control Order – 2022, District Gurugram | Gurugram | India. (n.d.). https://gurugram.gov.in/notice/flood-control-order-2022-district-gurugram/. Accessed 18 Jul 2023
Gelan, E. (2021). GIS-based multi‐criteria analysis for sustainable urban green spaces planning in emerging towns of Ethiopia: the case of Sululta town. Environmental Systems Research, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40068-021-00220-W
Ghofrani, Z., Sposito, V., & Faggian, R. (2016). Designing resilient regions by applying Blue-Green Infrastructure concepts. The Sustainable City XI, 1, 493–505. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC160421
Gupta, K., Roy, A., Luthra, K., & Maithani, S. (2016). GIS based analysis for assessing the accessibility at hierarchical levels of urban green spaces. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 18, 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.005
Hamel, P., & Tan, L. (2021). Blue-green infrastructure for flood and water quality management in Southeast Asia: Evidence and knowledge gaps. Environmental Management, 69(4), 699–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00267-021-01467-W
Hanna, E., & Comín, F. A. (2021). Urban green infrastructure and sustainable development: A review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(20), 11498. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU132011498/S1
Kaur, R., & Gupta, K. (2022). Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) network in urban areas for sustainable storm water management: A geospatial approach. City and Environment Interactions, 16, 100087. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CACINT.2022.100087
Li, Z., Fan, Z., & Shen, S. (2018). Urban green space suitability evaluation based on the AHP-CV combined weight method: A case study of Fuping County, China. Sustainability, 10(8), 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU10082656
Liao, K. H., Deng, S., & Tan, P. Y. (2017). Blue-green infrastructure: New frontier for sustainable urban stormwater management. Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4113-6_10/COVER
Ligmann-Zielinska, A., & Jankowski, P. (2014). Spatially-explicit integrated uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of criteria weights in multicriteria land suitability evaluation. Environmental Modelling and Software, 57, 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSOFT.2014.03.007
Liu, L., Fryd, O., & Zhang, S. (2019). Blue-Green infrastructure for sustainable urban stormwater management—lessons from six municipality-led pilot projects in Beijing and Copenhagen. Water, 11(10), 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/W11102024
Mensah, C. A. (2014). Urban green spaces in Africa: Nature and challenges. International Journal of Ecosystem, 2014(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ije.20140401.01
Pour, S. H., Wahab, A. K. A., Shahid, S., Asaduzzaman, M., & Dewan, A. (2020). Low impact development techniques to mitigate the impacts of climate-change-induced urban floods: Current trends, issues and challenges. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2020.102373
Pramanik, S., Butsch, C., & Punia, M. (2021). Post-liberal urban dynamics in India – The case of Gurugram, the ‘Millennium City.’ Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSASE.2021.100504
Rentachintala, L. R. N. P., Reddy, M. G. M., & Mohapatra, P. K. (2022). Urban stormwater management for sustainable and resilient measures and practices: A review. Water Science and Technology, 85(4), 1120–1140. https://doi.org/10.2166/WST.2022.017
Saaty, R. W. (1987). The analytic hierarchy process—what it is and how it is used. Mathematical Modelling, 9(3–5), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8
Saha, A., & Roy, R. (2021). An integrated approach to identify suitable areas for built-up development using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis and AHP in Siliguri planning area, India. SN Applied Sciences, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/S42452-021-04354-5
Štrbac, S., Kašanin-Grubin, M., Pezo, L., Stojić, N., Lončar, B., Ćurčić, L., & Pucarević, M. (2023). Green infrastructure designed through nature-based solutions for sustainable urban development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH20021102
Sun, Y., Deng, L., Pan, S.-Y., Chiang, P.-C., Sable, S. S., & Shah, K. J. (2020). Integration of green and gray infrastructures for sponge city: Water and energy nexus. Water-Energy Nexus, 3, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WEN.2020.03.003
Ustaoglu, E., & Aydınoglu, A. C. (2020). Site suitability analysis for green space development of Pendik district (Turkey). Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2019.126542
World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. (n.d.). https://population.un.org/wup/default.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Report.pdf. Accessed 19 Jun 2023
Yousefi, E., Salehi, E., Zahiri, S. H., & Yavari, A. (2016). Green space suitability analysis using evolutionary algorithm and weighted linear combination (WLC) method. Space Ontology International Journal, 5(4), 51–60. https://soij.qazvin.iau.ir/article_526891.html. Accessed 10 Oct 2023
Funding
The research has not received any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
First author contributed to conceptualization, methodology, data curation, draft writing, and ArcGIS software. Second author contributed to conceptualization, supervision, formal analysis, and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The authors confirm that this article is original research and has not been published or presented previously in any journal or conference in any language in whole or in part.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare there is no conflict.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sehrawat, S., Shekhar, S. Potential sites for blue-green infrastructure in Gurugram, India; a multicriteria analysis. GeoJournal 89, 36 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-024-11021-w
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-024-11021-w