Abstract
Present study examines the current situation of food insecurity in Banda district of Bundelkhand region on the basis of measures of food quality and food quantity. Coping strategy index (CSI) and dietary diversity index has been used as qualitative and subjective measures to capture the dimensions of food accessibility and food vulnerability. Dietary pattern has been taken as a quantitative and objective measure to capture the dimension of food availability. The study emphasize on the coping strategies adopted by the households supported by declining dietary status, dietary diversity and meal pattern of the households. Data used for the analysis were obtained from 240 households that were selected from sixteen villages on the basis of multistage stratified random sampling. Study shows that the frequency and intensity of coping strategies opted by the households increases as the intensity of food insecurity within the household increases. The CSI shows high condition of food insecurity and recommends periodic evaluation and monitoring of food insecurity at different time across the year.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abafita, J., & Kim, K. (2014). Determinants of household food security in rural Ethiopia: An empirical analysis. Journal of Rural development, 37(2), 129–175.
Abdallah, S., Leonhauser, I., & Bauer, S. (2013). Household coping strategies and food consumption gap in Sudan. International working paper series No. 13/06. International Research Network.
Aquiar, M., & Hurst, E. (2005). Consumption versus Expenditure. Journal of Political Economy, 113(5), 919–948.
Berkes, F., & Jolly, D. (2001). Adapting to climate change: socio-ecological resilience in a Canadian Western Arctic Community. Conservation Ecology, 5(2), 18–27.
Berlie, A. B. (2015). Coping strategies and household food security in drought-prone areas in Ethiopia: The case of Lay Gayint district. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 2(1), 1–18.
Borlaug, N. (2007). Feeding a hungry world. Science, 318, 359.
Bouwer, L. M., Crompton, R. P., Faust, E., Hoppe, P., & Pielke, R. A., Jr. (2007). Confronting disaster losses. Science, 318(5851), 753.
Browning, M., & Lusardi, A. (1996). Household saving: Micro theories and micro facts. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(4), 1797–1855.
CARE and WFP. (2003). The coping strategies index: Field methods manual. CARE and WFP. Nairobi-Kenya
Census of India. (2011). ’District census handbook. Banda: Village and town directory. Village and town wise primary census abstract’ Part-A and B. Lucknow: Directorate of Census Operations.
Cervantes-Godoy, D., Kimura, S., & Antón, J. (2013). Smallholder risk management in developing countries. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, 61. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved September 09, 2019, from https://doi.org/10.1787/5k452k28wljl-en.
Chagomoka, T., Unger, S., Drescher, A., Glaser, R., Marschner, B., & Schlesinger, J. (2016). Food coping strategies in northern Ghana: A socio-spatial analysis along the urban-rural continuum. Agriculture and Food Security, 5(1), 4.
Chandrashekhar, G. (2015). Pulses demand supply scenario. The Hindu, Online Issue 14 January, Business Line.
Chandrashekhar, G. (2017). India’s pulses consumption demand may be underestimated. The Hindu, Online Issue 22 February, Business Line.
Chhetri, A. K., & Maharjan, K. L. (2006). Food insecurity and coping strategies in rural areas of Nepal. Journal of International Development and Cooperation, 12(2), 25–45.
Coates, J., Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2007). Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for measurement of household food access: Indicator guide (3rd ed.). Washington: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project Academy for Educational Development.
Corbett, J. (1988). Famine and household coping strategies. World Development, 16(9), 1099–1112.
Cordero-Ahiman, O. V., Santellano-Estrada, E., & Garrido, A. (2018). Food access and coping strategies adopted by households to fight hunger among indigenous communities of Sierra Tarahumara in Mexico. Sustainability, 10(2), 473.
Coulibaly, J. Y., Gbetibouo, G. A., Kundhlande, G., Sileshi, G. W., & Beedy, T. L. (2015). Responding to coping failures: Understanding farmers’ strategies in Southern Malawi. Sustainability, 7(2), 1620–1636.
Cutler, P. (1986). The response to drought of Beja famine refugees in Sudan. Disasters, 10(3), 181–188.
Davies, S. (1993). Are coping strategies a cop out? IDS Bulletin, 24(4), 60–72.
Dercon, S. (2002). Income risk, coping strategies and safety nets. WIDER Discussion Papers, World Institute for Development Economics (UNU-WIDER) 2002/22.
Devereux, S. (2001). Livelihood insecurity and social protection: Re-emerging issue in rural development. Development Policy Review, 19(4), 517–519.
Dogra, B. (2016). Bundelkhand drought. Mainstream Weekly, Retrieved Januray 12, 2017, from http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article6467.html.
Eisinger, P. (1996). Towards a national hunger count. Social Science Review, 70, 214–234.
Endale, W., Mengesha, Z. B., Atinafu, A., & Adane, A. A. (2014). Food insecurity in Farta district, Northwest Ethiopia: A community based cross sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 70, 130.
Fiala, K., Tuma, I., & Holub, P. (2009). Effect of manipulated rainfall on root production and plant below ground dry mass of different grassland ecosystems. Ecosystems, 12(6), 906–914.
Frankenberg, T. (1992). Indicators and data collection methods for assessing household food security, part II. In S. Maxwell & T. Frankenberger (Eds.), Household food security: Concepts, indicators, measurements. A technical review. New York: UNICEF and IFAD.
Frongillo, E. A., & Nanama, S. (2012). Advances in developing country food insecurity measurement, development and validation of an experience-based measure of household food insecurity within and across seasons in Northern Burkina Faso. Journal of Nutrition, 136(5), 1409–1419.
Grobler, W. C. J. (2014). Food insecure household coping strategies: The case of a low income neighbourhood in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(13), 100–106.
Gundersen, C., & Ziliak, J. P. (2014). Childhood food insecurity in the US: Trends, causes, and policy options. Future of children. Retrieved September 10, 2019, from https://futureofchildren.princeton.edu/sites/futureofchildren/files/media/childhood_food_insecurity_researchreport-fall2014.pdf.
Gupta, P., Singh, K., Seth, V., Agarwal, S., & Mathur, P. (2015). Coping strategies adopted by households to prevent food insecurity in urban slums of Delhi, India. Journal of Food Security, 3(1), 6–10.
Heijmens, A. (2001). Vulnerability: Another of perception. Benfield Grighazard Research Centre University College of London.
Hoddinott, J., & Yohannes, Y. (2002). Dietary diversity as a household food security indicator. Washington: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistant.
IPCC. (2001). Climate change: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability’, contribution of working group II to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2007). ‘Climate change: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability’, contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kempson, K., Palmer, D., Sadani, P. S., & Adler, A. (2003). Maintaining food sufficiency: Coping strategies identified by limited resource individuals versus nutrition educators. Journal of Nutrition Education Behaviour, 35, 179–188.
Kennedy, G., Ballard, T., & Dop, M. (2011). Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. New York: Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Kennedy, G., Pedro, M. R., Seghieri, C., Nantel, G., & Brouwer, I. (2007). Dietary diversity score is a useful indicator of micronutrient intake in non breast-feeding Filipino children. Journal of Nutrition, 137, 1–6.
Kruger, R., Schonfeldt, H., & Owen, J. H. (2008). Food coping strategy index applied to a community of farm worker households in South Africa. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 29(1), 3–14.
Kyaw, D. (2009). Rural household’s food security status and coping: Strategies to food insecurity in Myanmar. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External trade Organization. Retrieved September 19, 2019, from https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Download/Vrf/pdf/444.pdf.
Lekprichakul, T. (2009). Ex ante and ex post risk coping strategies: How do subsistence farmers in southern and eastern province of Zambia cope. Kyoto: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature.
Maxwell, D. G. (1996). Measuring food insecurity: The frequency and severity of coping strategies. Food Policy, 21, 291–303.
Maxwell, D., Caldwell, R., & Langworthy, M. (2008). Measuring food insecurity: Can an indicator based on localized coping behaviours be used to compare across context. Food Policy, 33, 533–540.
Maxwell, D., & Cladwell, R. (2008). The coping strategy index. Field methods manuel (2nd ed.). Geneva: Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc.(CARE).
Maxwell, D., Watkins, B., Wheeler, R., & Collins, G. (2003). The coping strategies index, field methods manual. Nairobi: CARE and World Food Programme.
Ministry of Agriculture (2017). Directorate Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Statistics and Economics, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Mirza, M. M. Q. (2003). Climate change and extreme weather events: Can developing countries adapt? Climate Policy, 3(3), 233–248.
Moikabi, M. (2011). Dietary diversity in relation to nutrient adequacy and nutritional status of primary school children in rural Vietnam. World Bank.
Mubiru, D. N., Radeny, M., Kyazze, F. B., Zziwa, A., Lwasa, J., Kinyangi, J., et al. (2018). Climate trends, risks and coping strategies in smallholder farming systems in Uganda. Climate Risk Management, 22(4), 4–21.
Niles, M. T., & Salerno, J. D. (2018). A cross-country analysis of climate shocks and smallholder food insecurity. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192928.
Ninno, C. D., Dorosh, P., & Smith, L. C. (2003). Public policy, markets and household coping strategies in Bangladesh: Avoiding a food security crisis following the 1998 floods. World Development, 31(7), 1221–1238.
Ogalley, A. S., Vogl, C. R., Eitzinger, J., & Hauser, M. (2012). Local perceptions and responses to climate change and variability: The case of Laikipia District, Kenya. Sustainability, 4, 3302–3325.
Quaye, W. (2008). Food security situation in northern Ghana, coping strategies and related constraints. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 35, 334–342.
Radimer, K. (2002). Measurement of household food security in the USA and other industrialized countries. Public Health Nutrition, 5(6A), 859–864.
Radimer, K. L., Olson, C. M., & Campbell, C. C. (1990). Development of indicators to assess hunger. Journal of Nutrition, 120(11), 1544–1548.
Radimer, K. L., Olson, C. M., Greene, J. C., Campbell, C. C., & Habicht, J. P. (1992). Understanding hunger and developing indicators to assess it in women and children. Journal of Nutrition Education, 24(1), 36–44.
Rashid, D. (2002). The findings of the northwest livelihood baseline survey, CARE Bangladesh.
Rashid, D. A., Langworthy, M., & Aradhyula, S. (2006). Livelihood shocks and coping strategies: An empirical study of Bangladesh households. Selected paper prepared for presentation at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Long Beach, Ca, July 23–26.
Ruel, M. T. (2003). Operationalizing dietary diversity a review of measurement issues. Journal of Nutrition, 133(11), 3911S–3926S.
Samra, J. S., Singh, G., & Dagar, J. C. (2006). Drought management strategies in India (p. 277). IACR: New Delhi.
Sani, S., & Kemaw, B. (2019). Analysis of household food insecurity and its coping mechanisms in western Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Economics, 7(1), 5.
Sankhala, G., Singh, M., Kant, K., & Prasad, P. (2016). Drought coping strategies followed by dairy farmers in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 86(10), 1181–1186.
Savy, M., Martin-Prevel, Y., Sawadogo, P., Kameli, Y., & Delpeuch, F. (2005). Use of variety/diversity scores for diet quality measurement: Relation with nutritional status of women in a rural area in Burkina Faso. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59, 703–716.
Schmidhuber, J., & Tubiello, F. N. (2007). Global food security under climate change. PNAS, 104(50), 19703–19708.
Shakeel, A. (2018a). Food security: Theorizing the evolution and involution of the concept. The Arab World Geographer, 21(1), 58–82.
Shakeel, A. (2018b). Recent trends in the debate on India’s National Food Security Act—2013: A review. Geography, Environment and Sustainability, 11(2), 108–124.
Shakeel, A. (2018c). Measuring extent depth and severity of food insecurity in Banda district of Bundelkhand region. IASSI Quaterly, 37(3&4), 462–481.
Shakeel, A., Hussain, F., & Hashmi, S. N. I. (2017). Déjà vu of Farmers’ suicide: A theoretical insight from India. The Arab World Geographer, 2(4), 330–346.
Shakeel, A., Jamal, A., & Zaidy, N. (2012). A regional analysis of food security Bundelkhand region (Uttar Pradesh, India). Journal of Geography and Regional Planning., 5(9), 252–262.
Shakeel, A., & Shazli, T. (2018). Bundelkhand region: Is Drought designing a desert? Reasons results and resolutions. Man and Development, 40(2), 37–56.
Shariff, Z. M., & Khor, G. L. (2008). Household food insecurity and coping strategies in a poor rural community in Malaysia. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2(1), 26–34.
Shukla, R., Jain, S., & Kakkar, P. (2010). Caste in a different mould: Understanding the discrimination. New Delhi: National Council of Applied Economic Research. (Buissness Standard Books).
Siddiqui, P. I. (2009). Forced to sell houses land and now wives: Desperate farmers in Bundelkhand have been driven to selling or mortgaging their women to stay afloat. Times of India, September 9, 16.
Singh, G. (2016). Climate change and food security in India: Challenges and opportunities. Irrigation and Drainage, 65(S1), 5–10.
Snel, E., & Staring, R. (2001). Poverty, migration, and coping strategies: An introduction. European Journal of Anthropology, 38, 7–22.
Steyn, N. P., Nel, J. H., Nantel, G., Kennedy, G., & Labadarios, D. (2006). Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy? Public Health Nutrition, 9(5), 644–650.
Studder, L. S., Frongillo, E. A., & Valios, P. (2001). Household food insecurity was prevalent in Java during Indonesia’s economic crisis. Journal of Nutrition, 131(10), 2685–2691.
Suneja, V. (2015). Why ending poverty in India means tackling rural poverty and power. Retrieved September 22, 2019, from https://blogs.oxfam.org/en/blogs/15-02-03-why-ending-poverty-india-means-tackling-rural-poverty-and-power/index.html.
Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2005). Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for measurement of household food access: Indicator guide. Washington, D.C.: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development.
Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2006). Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for measurement of household food access: Indicator guide. Washington, D.C.: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development.
Tewari, S. (2015). 75 Percent of rural India survives on Rs 33 per day. India Today. Retreived September 22, 2019, from https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-rural-household-650-millions-live-on-rs-33-per-day-282195-2015-07-13.
Thomas, D. S. G., Twyman, C., Osbahr, H., & Hewitson, B. (2007). Adaptation to climate change and variability: Farmer responses to intra-seasonal precipitation trends in South Africa. Climate Change, 83, 301–322.
United Nations. (1991). Nutrition relevant actions. Nutrition Policy Discussion paper, no. 10. Rome
USAID (2015). Draft country specific information: Bangladesh. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://www.usaid.gov/documents/1866/draft-country-specific-information-bangladesh.
Vincent, K., Cull, T., Chanika, D., Hamazakaza, P., Joubert, A., Macome, E., et al. (2013). Farmers’ responses to climate variability and change in southern Africa—Is it coping or adaptation? Climate and Development, 5(3), 194–205.
Funding
Funding was supported by Indian Council of Social Science Research (Grant no. F. No. 3-251/2014-15/PDF).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interests.
Ethical approval
The present study have been performed in accordance with the ethical standards.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shakeel, A., Shazli, T. Coping strategies and struggle against food insecurity: the case of district Banda in Bundelkhand region, India. GeoJournal 86, 1721–1742 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10155-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10155-x